CourtListener opinion 10074239

Evidence quotes

Clean opinion text

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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 
9 
 HARTFORD LIFE AND ACCIDENT 
10 INSURANCE COMPANY, Case No. 21-cv-06469-RS 

11 Plaintiff, 
 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 
12 v. DENYING IN PART MOTION TO 
 DISMISS CROSS-CLAIMS AND 
13 HAILI KOWALSKI, et al., DENYING MOTION TO STRIKE 
14 Defendants. 

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16 I. INTRODUCTION 
17 Hartford Life and Accident Insurance Company ("Hartford") filed the instant Complaint in 
18 Interpleader to resolve competing claims to a life insurance policy by Defendants Haili Kowalski 
19 and Marilyne Valois. Each Defendant has filed cross-claims against the other. See Dkt. 16, at 
20 7–12; Dkt. 25 ("Kowalski Cross-Claim"), at 9–15. Valois now moves under Rule 12(b)(6) to 
21 dismiss Kowalski's cross-claims and to strike a portion thereof. For the reasons discussed below, 
22 the motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part, and the motion to strike is denied. 
23 II. BACKGROUND1 
24 Marc Kowalski died on December 30, 2020. Prior to his death, Mr. Kowalski participated 
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 1 The factual background is based on the averments in Kowalski's cross-claim, which must be 
 taken as true for purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and documents of which the Court may take 
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 judicial notice. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Mehta v. 
1 in a group life insurance policy sponsored by his employer, Micron Technology, Inc., and 
2 administered by Hartford (the "Hartford Plan"). At the time of his death, the proceeds of the policy 
3 amounted to $493,000. The policy listed Marilyne Valois as the named beneficiary, and on this 
4 basis she submitted a claim to Hartford for the proceeds. Haili Kowalski, who was formerly 
5 married to Marc Kowalski, submitted a separate claim on behalf of their minor son, E.K. She 
6 asserted a right to the proceeds under the terms of the 2010 Legal Separation Agreement ("LSA") 
7 that formalized the Kowalskis' divorce; one provision of the LSA required Marc to "carry and 
8 maintain a life insurance policy of $800,000 and to name [E.K.] as the sole beneficiary and to not 
9 borrow, assign, or otherwise encumber said policy." Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶ 73. 
10 In the face of these competing claims, Hartford filed the instant Complaint in Interpleader 
11 in August 2021. Both Defendants filed answers with cross-claims. Kowalski seeks a declaratory 
12 judgment that she, as legal guardian of E.K., is entitled to the proceeds because the LSA is a 
13 Qualified Domestic Relations Order ("QDRO") under the Employee Retirement Income Security 
14 Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. ("ERISA"). She therefore contends that her claim takes 
15 precedence over that of Valois. In the alternative, she argues Valois is not entitled to any of the 
16 benefits because she "exerted undue influence and control over [Marc] Kowalski such that she was 
17 improperly listed as the beneficiary." Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶ 80. Finally, Kowalski brings a 
18 second cross-claim for relief for conversion. Valois' cross-claim similarly seeks a declaratory 
19 judgment that she is entitled to the life insurance proceeds as the policy's designated beneficiary, 
20 and that Kowalski's LSA is not QDRO. Valois has moved to dismiss Kowalski's cross-claims, 
21 and she has further moved to strike portions of the cross-complaint, on the grounds that they are 
22 legally irrelevant and simply constitute attacks on her character. 
23 III. LEGAL STANDARD 
24 A. Rule 12(b)(6) 
25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) governs motions to dismiss for failure to state a 
26 claim. A complaint must contain a short and plain statement of the claim showing the pleader is 
27 entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). While "detailed factual allegations" are not required, a 
1 complaint must have sufficient factual allegations to "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 
2 face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 
3 544, 570 (2007)). However, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported 
4 by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Dismissal under Rule 
5 12(b)(6) may be based on either the "lack of a cognizable legal theory" or "the absence of 
6 sufficient facts alleged" under a cognizable legal theory. UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital 
7 Partners LLC, 718 F.3d 1006, 1014 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation and internal quotation marks 
8 omitted). When evaluating such a motion, courts "accept all factual allegations in the complaint as 
9 true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Knievel v. 
10 ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). 
11 B. Motion to Strike 
12 A court may strike portions of a pleading if they present an "insufficient defense, or any 
13 redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). A motion to 
14 strike should be granted if it will eliminate serious risks of prejudice to the moving party, delay, or 
15 confusion of issues. See Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1528 (9th Cir. 1993), rev'd on 
16 other grounds, 510 U.S. 517 (1994). "Motions to strike are regarded with disfavor . . . because of 
17 the limited importance of pleadings in federal practice and because they are often used solely to 
18 delay proceedings." Capella Photonics, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 77 F. Supp. 3d 850, 858 (N.D. Cal. 
19 2014) (quotation omitted). Courts "shall view the pleadings in the light most favorable to the 
20 pleader." Zep Solar Inc. v. Westinghouse Solar Inc., No. C 11-06493 JSW, 2012 WL 1293873, at 
21 *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2012). 
22 IV. DISCUSSION 
23 Valois moves to dismiss Kowalski's cross-claims on three main grounds. First, she argues 
24 the LSA is not a QDRO, and therefore that Kowalski has no claim to the life insurance proceeds. 
25 Second, Valois argues that Kowalski's alternate theory of undue influence is insufficiently pled. 
26 Third, Valois argues Kowalski's cross-claim for conversion is preempted by ERISA, and that 
27 Kowalski possibly lacks standing to pursue it. In addition, Valois moves to strike portions of the 
1 cross-claim. These issues are addressed in turn. 
2 A. Whether the LSA is a QDRO 
3 Under ERISA, a QDRO has the effect of "elevat[ing] a plan participant's legal obligations, 
4 commonly to a former spouse or children of a previous marriage, over the participant's express 
5 wishes to provide for other individuals as designated beneficiaries." Trs. of Dirs. Guild of Am.-
6 Prod. Pension Benefits Plans v. Tise, 234 F.3d 415, 425 (9th Cir. 2000). Thus, a threshold 
7 question in this case is whether Kowalski's LSA is a QDRO; if it is, then it must take precedence 
8 over Valois as the designated beneficiary. 
9 The criteria for a QDRO are listed in 29 U.S.C. § 1056. This section requires that a QDRO 
10 clearly specify: 
11 (i) the name and the last known mailing address (if any) of the 
 participant and the name and mailing address of each alternate payee 
12 covered by the order, 
13 (ii) the amount or percentage of the participant's benefits to be paid 
 by the plan to each such alternate payee, or the manner in which such 
14 amount or percentage is to be determined, 
15 (iii) the number of payments or period to which such order applies, 
 and 
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 (iv) each plan to which such order applies. 
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18 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(3)(C). Furthermore, a QDRO must not "require the plan to provide increased 
19 benefits (determined on the basis of actuarial value)." Id. § 1056(d)(3)(D)(ii). The parties appear 
20 to agree that the LSA satisfies the first three requirements, but they disagree as to whether it 
21 satisfies the fourth (that is, specifying "each plan to which such order applies"). Valois argues it 
22 does not, because the LSA does not include the name of the Hartford Plan (or any particular life 
23 insurance plan), but rather generally requires that Marc Kowalski have carried life insurance. The 
24 parties also disagree as to whether the LSA requires the Hartford Plan to provide "increased 
25 benefits." Valois, again, argues that it does because it requires that Marc Kowalski have carried 
26 $800,000 in life insurance, rather than the $493,000 that will be distributed under the Hartford 
27 Plan; thus, the LSA requires a larger payout and cannot be a QDRO. Neither party's brief contends 
1 that the resolution of this issue turns on as-yet-undiscovered facts or that the LSA language is 
2 ambiguous.2 Rather, whether the LSA is a QDRO is a question of law. See Stewart v. Thorpe 
3 Holding Co. Profit Sharing Plan, 207 F.3d 1143, 1150 n.5 (9th Cir. 2000). 
4 Taking the second dispute first, Valois' argument with respect to increased benefits is 
5 without merit. A review of the statutory provision and the case law interpreting it reveal it is 
6 designed primarily to shield plans from being saddled with larger, ongoing payments, typically in 
7 the context of pension plans. This explains why the statute qualifies "increased benefits" as those 
8 being determined "on the basis of actuarial value." See, e.g., Smith v. Est. of Smith, 248 F. Supp. 
9 2d 348, 358 (D.N.J. 2003) ("One of the main reasons behind this restrictive approach [to increased 
10 benefits] is that ‘successful operation of a defined benefit plan requires that the plan's liabilities be 
11 ascertainable as of particular dates.'" (quoting Samaroo v. Samaroo, 193 F.3d 185, 190 (3d Cir. 
12 1999))). These concerns are not present here. Kowalski is not demanding from Hartford the 
13 $800,000 specified in the LSA; she asks only for the $493,000 contained in the policy. See Patton 
14 v. Denver Post Corp., 326 F.3d 1148, 1152 (10th Cir. 2003) ("As to the meaning of an increase, 
15 case law . . . confirms that the increase must be real rather than conceptual."). The $493,000 is not 
16 subject to any further increase on the basis of actuarial value, and Hartford evidently does not 
17 view itself at risk of paying any increased amount, having already interpleaded the disputed funds. 
18 Cf. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Wheaton, 42 F.3d 1080, 1084–85 (7th Cir. 1994). The LSA therefore 
19 does not provide "increased benefits" within the meaning of § 1056(d). 
20 The more difficult question is whether the failure to name the Hartford Plan in the LSA is 
21 fatal to Kowalski's cross-claim. Kowalski concedes that the Hartford Plan is not included by 
22 name, but she contends that including the name is unnecessary as "there is no ambiguity as to 
23 which life insurance policy" the LSA applies. Dkt. 30, at 10. Valois argues that this is irrelevant 
24 and that the plain statutory language compels only one conclusion: because the Hartford Plan is 
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 2 At oral argument, however, Kowalski's counsel suggested that additional documentation may be 
27 able to elucidate this provision of the LSA. 
1 not named, the LSA is not and cannot become a QDRO. 
2 Clear as the statute may appear on the surface, the Ninth Circuit, like multiple other Courts 
3 of Appeals, has concluded that a domestic relations order need only substantially comply with the 
4 requirements of § 1056 in order to be held a QDRO. See Tise, 234 F.3d at 420; see also Metro. 
5 Life Ins. Co. v. Marsh, 119 F.3d 415 (6th Cir. 1997); Wheaton, 42 F.3d at 1085. This standard has 
6 evolved out of an understanding that Congress's intention in enacting the QDRO provisions was 
7 to "mitigate the impact of divorce upon children and former spouses" by requiring that preexisting 
8 obligations under domestic relations orders be upheld. Tise, 234 F.3d at 425. The specificity 
9 requirements serve a practical purpose: Congress was "concerned with reducing the expense to 
10 plan providers and protecting them from suits for making improper payments." In re Gendreau, 
11 122 F.3d 815, 817 (9th Cir. 1997); see Carmona v. Carmona, 603 F.3d 1041, 1054 (9th Cir. 
12 2010); Wheaton, 42 F.3d at 1084; Carland v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 935 F.2d 1114, 1120 (10th Cir. 
13 1991). As such, while specificity is required, "[t]he pivotal question is whether the [order] ‘clearly 
14 contains the information specified in the statute that a plan administrator would need to make an 
15 informed decision.'" Hamilton v. Wash. St. Plumbing & Pipefitting Indus. Pension Plan, 433 F.3d 
16 1091, 1097 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Stewart, 207 F.3d at 1154). 
17 Without deciding the question here, the LSA would likely pass muster as a QDRO. While 
18 the Ninth Circuit has not addressed this particular question, both the Seventh and Tenth Circuits 
19 have found the fourth QDRO criterion satisfied where a party had been ordered only to "carry life 
20 insurance" or where the plan was simply referred to as "the life insurance which is presently 
21 carried through [the party's] employer," even though the plan was not mentioned by name. 
22 Festini-Steele v. ExxonMobil Corp., 846 Fed. App'x 680, 686 (10th Cir. 2021); Wheaton, 42 F.3d 
23 at 1084. Likewise here, the LSA required Marc Kowalski to "carry and maintain a life insurance 
24 policy of $800,000" for the benefit of E.K. Since there appear to be no other life insurance policies 
25 to which this could possibly refer, a plan administrator would likely have no trouble determining 
26 (1) what plan the LSA speaks to (the Hartford Plan), (2) to whom the funds should be distributed 
27 (E.K., by way of Kowalski), or (3) in what amount (the value of the policy, at least up to 
1 $800,000). See Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada v. Jackson, 877 F.3d 698, 704 (6th Cir. 2017); 
2 Wheaton, 42 F.3d at 1084. Including the name of the Hartford Plan would, "at least in the present 
3 case, [provide] a purely theoretical gain in certainty." Wheaton, 42 F.3d at 1085. 
4 It is worth noting that accepting Valois' argument would effectively sanction a loophole in 
5 the QDRO framework. It would have been impossible for the Kowalskis to name the Hartford 
6 Plan in the LSA, since Marc Kowalski began his job at Micron in 2020 — a decade after the LSA 
7 was entered. See Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶ 73. Yet divorcées (or, probably more accurately, 
8 divorce attorneys) often draft agreements that contemplate such future obligations, and courts 
9 routinely enforce them. E.g., Festini-Steele, 846 Fed. App'x at 686; Equitable Life Assurance 
10 Soc'y v. Flaherty, 568 F.Supp. 610, 611 (S.D. Ala.1983) (divorce decree required husband to 
11 "maintain a life insurance policy in the amount of $10,000.00 on himself making the parties minor 
12 child the irrevocable beneficiary of the same"); cf. Tintocalis v. Tintocalis, 25 Cal. Rptr. 2d 655, 
13 657–58 (Ct. App. 1993) (husband ordered by court to "‘immediately secure' and ‘maintain' a 
14 $100,000 life insurance policy"). While there is a dearth of case law on the effect of such 
15 provisions on QDRO determinations,3 allowing a party to avoid his or her obligations under a 
16 domestic relations order by simply switching life insurance plans, or denying a child's ability to 
17 rely on such an order just because his or her parent changed jobs, is directly contrary to Congress's 
18 concern for enforcing such preexisting obligations and protecting children and former spouses. 
19 The motion to dismiss Kowalski's cross-claim is therefore denied, as it appears likely that 
20 the LSA is a QDRO, and Kowalski has thus stated a claim upon which relief can be granted.4 
21 /// 
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 3 Cf. Barrs v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 287 F.3d 202, 209 n.7 (1st Cir. 2002) ("We intimate no 
24 view as to whether an assignment covering unspecified future policies would meet the statutory 
 requirements for a QDRO, and if not, whether it would be enforceable." (citation omitted)). This 
25 issue appears to be a question of first impression within the Ninth Circuit. 
26 4 Valois further argues that the deficiencies she identifies in the LSA cannot be remedied if 
 Kowalski were to seek an order nunc pro tunc from California Superior Court. See Dkt. 26-1, at 
27 8–11. This need not be addressed in light of the denial of the motion to dismiss. 
1 B. Undue Influence and Motion to Strike 
2 Kowalski argues "[s]eparately and in the alternative" that Valois' claim to the proceeds is 
3 invalid because Valois exerted undue influence over Marc Kowalski. In support of this, Haili 
4 Kowalski avers that Valois submitted fraudulent documents to the state court in Idaho in the 
5 process of probating Marc Kowalski's will,5 and that Valois improperly gained access to Marc 
6 Kowalski's bank accounts and "emptied them out." Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶ 66; see id. ¶¶ 52–70. 
7 "Given [this] history of allegedly illegal and unlawful behavior, all directed at improperly 
8 acquiring proceeds from the estate of decedent Marc Kowalski," Haili Kowalski believes Valois 
9 unduly influenced Marc Kowalski into designating her as the policy's beneficiary. Id. ¶ 71. Valois 
10 denies these allegations and argues that the cross-claim fails to plead facts sufficient to show that 
11 any undue influence occurred. 
12 The parties disagree as to the exact elements of undue influence in the immediate case. 
13 Kowalski does not cite any particular standard for evaluating this claim, but she argues the inquiry 
14 is "a highly-fact intensive one" that would be more appropriate for review on a motion for 
15 summary judgment, rather than a motion to dismiss. Dkt. 30, at 14 (quoting Tinsley v. Gen. Motor 
16 Corp., 227 F.3d 700, 705 (6th Cir. 2000)). Valois, meanwhile, argues that an undue influence 
17 claim regarding a policy governed by ERISA is determined by federal common law, and she cites 
18 several different standards applied by federal courts. See Dkt. 26-1, at 12–13 (also citing Tinsley, 
19 227 F.3d 700). At a minimum, Valois argues, Kowalski "must allege both that Marc Kowalski was 
20 susceptible to undue influence and that Valois exerted it." Id. at 13. 
21 Ninth Circuit courts have held that, under ERISA, federal common law governs the 
22 interpretation of state insurance policies. See McClure v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 84 F.3d 1129, 
23 1133 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Schreffler v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. CV 04-1561-PCT-SMM, 
24 2006 WL 1127096, at *5 (D. Ariz. Apr. 25, 2006). Valois thus appears correct that the elements of 
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 5 In fact, Kowalski alleges, one of these fraudulent documents was the will itself, which Kowalski 
27 suggests was forged. See Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶¶ 59–61. 
1 undue influence are determined by federal common law. Even without nailing down the specific 
2 standard, Kowalski's cross-claim does not state a plausible claim for relief. Kowalski relies almost 
3 entirely on speculative, circumstantial evidence in support of her theory. Even to the extent this is 
4 permissible (or even expected) in an undue influence claim, see Tinsley, 227 F.3d at 705, 
5 Kowalski fails to identify the manner in which Valois allegedly exerted undue influence in 
6 connection with Marc Kowalski designating her as the beneficiary. Kowalski further alleges that 
7 Marc Kowalski was generally susceptible to undue influence as a result of his alcohol use 
8 disorder, but this averment fails to show that he was susceptible when he made the beneficiary 
9 designation. See, e.g., Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Galicia, 19-cv-01412-JWH, 2021 WL 5083439, at *4 
10 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 2021). Taken together, these averments fail to state a plausible claim.6 
11 The motion is therefore granted as to Kowalski's undue influence cross-claim, with leave 
12 to amend. Since Valois' motion to strike turns primarily on the contention that the undue influence 
13 claim is improperly pleaded, the motion to strike is denied, without prejudice, pending Kowalski's 
14 ability to remedy these deficiencies. 
15 C. Cross-Claim for Conversion 
16 Finally, Valois argues (briefly) that ERISA preempts Kowalski's cross-claim for 
17 conversion to the extent the cross-claim involves the contested life insurance funds. To the extent 
18 it involves something else, such as Marc Kowalski's bank accounts, then it should be dismissed 
19 because Kowalski lacks standing to bring the claim and/or because the cross-claim does not arise 
20 out of the same transaction or occurrence. Kowalski disputes each of these points. 
21 Kowalski's one-sentence averment provides little assistance in evaluating the legal basis 
22 for her conversion cross-claim. See Kowalski Cross-Claim ¶ 82. As the motion suggests, it is 
23 unclear what, exactly, Kowalski is alleging that Valois has converted. This ambiguity alone 
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 6 In addition, both parties appear to presume that an undue influence claim is cognizable under 
26 ERISA, but it is unclear that this is the case. See Galicia, 2021 WL 5083439, at *3 ("Courts are 
 divided on the issue of whether ERISA preempts common law claims, such as fraud or undue 
27 influence, to invalidate beneficiary designations."). 
 1 indicates a failure to state a claim. Furthermore, the Supreme Court has recognized that ERISA's 
 2 || preemption provisions are "deliberately expansive" and capture all state law claims that "relate to" 
 3 an employee benefit plan. Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 46-47 (1987). Kowalski 
 4 || does not adequately justify why this general prohibition should not apply here. In light of these 
 5 || deficiencies, the motion to dismiss is granted with respect to Kowalski's cross-claim for 
 6 conversion, with leave to amend. 
 7 V. CONCLUSION 
 8 The motion to dismiss is granted with respect to Kowalski's cross-claim for conversion 
 9 and her cross-claim for undue influence; leave to amend is granted for both. The motion to dismiss 
 10 || is otherwise denied. The motion to strike is denied, without prejudice. Any amended pleading 
 11 must be filed within 21 days of the date of this order. 
 12 

 13 || ITISSO ORDERED. 
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 15 || Dated: February 3, 2023 □ 

 RICHARD SEEBORG 
 17 Chief United States District Judge 
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 98 ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS CROSS-CLAIMS AND MOTION TO STRIKE 
 CASE No. 21-cv-06469-RS