Fulgium v. Fulgium

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Clean opinion text

Amy Fulgium v. Christopher Fulgium, No. 1753, September Term, 2017

 UNIFORMED SERVICES FORMER SPOUSES' PROTECTION ACT;
MARITAL SHARE OF A MILITARY PENSION

 Military pensions may be considered divisible marital property "[s]ubject to the
limitations" of 10 U.S.C. § 1408. These limitations include that only "disposable retired
pay" may be considered marital property, and the benefit is frozen at the time of divorce,
as opposed to the time of retirement. Thus, under § 1408(a)(4), when there is a final decree
of divorce prior to the date of the member's retirement, disposable retired pay is "the
amount of retired pay to which the member would have been entitled using the member's
retired pay base and years of service on the date of the decree of divorce." To the extent
this is inconsistent with the formula generally used in Maryland, it preempts state law.

 The USFSPA limits what is considered disposable military retirement pay that may
be divided as marital property. It permits distribution only of disposable retired pay, but it
does not require distribution. A state court has discretion whether to divide the disposable
retired pay, and if so, how, in accordance with state law.

 The circuit court's rationale in awarding Ms. Fulgium 15% of Mr. Fulgium's
disposable retired pay is not entirely clear, but based on the court's comments, the
percentage of retired pay the court awarded does not appear to be correct. Accordingly,
we must vacate the judgment and remand for further proceedings.
 Circuit Court for Prince George's County
Case No. CAD16-32242

 REPORTED

 IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

 OF MARYLAND

 No. 1753

 September Term, 2017

 ______________________________________

 AMY FULGIUM

 v.

 CHRISTOPHER FULGIUM

 ______________________________________

 Meredith,
 Graeff,
 Raker, Irma. S.
 (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

 JJ.
 ______________________________________

 Opinion by Graeff, J.
 ______________________________________

 Filed: February 27, 2019

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

 2019-04-01 15:35-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
 This case arises from a divorce action between Amy Fulgium, appellant, and

Christopher Fulgium, appellee. On July 31, 2017, the Circuit Court for Prince George's

County issued a Judgment of Absolute Divorce and a Constituted Pension Order relating

to Mr. Fulgium's military retirement benefits.

 On appeal, Ms. Fulgium challenges only the award of military retirement benefits.

In that regard, she presents five questions for this Court's review,1 which we have

consolidated and rephrased, as follows:

 1. Did the circuit court err in incorrectly calculating Ms. Fulgium's
 marital share of Mr. Fulgium's military pension?

 1
 Ms. Fulgium presents the following five questions for review:

 1. Did the Trial Court Err as a Matter of Law by Incorrectly Dividing
 the Appellee's Pension Under Maryland Law?

 2. Did the Trial Court Incorrectly Conflate the Mechanism of Payment
 of a Military Pension Division with the Actual Award of Military Retirement
 Benefits to a Former Spouse Thereby Reducing Appellant's Share of the
 Military Pension?

 3. Did the Trial Court Incorrectly Calculate the Formula to be Applied
 to the Determination of the Appellant's Share of the Military Retirement
 Benefits?

 4. Did the Trial Court Err as a Matter of Law When it Failed to
 Consider the Mandatory Factors of Md. Code, Fam. Law § 8-205(b) in
 Dividing the Appellee's Military Pension?

 5. Did the Trial Court Err as a Matter of Law by not Entering a
 Judgment of Absolute Divorce and Constituted Pension Order that Awarded
 COLAs to Appellant's Share of Appellee's Military Pension After
 Specifically Orally Granting Such COLAs to Appellant's Share of
 Appellee's Military Pension?
 2. Did the circuit court err by not entering a constituted pension order
 that awarded cost-of-living adjustments to Ms. Fulgium's share of Mr.
 Fulgium's military pension?

 For the reasons set forth below, we answer the first question in the affirmative, and

therefore, we shall vacate the judgment of the circuit court and remand for further

proceedings.

 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

 The Fulgiums were married on July 8, 2005. No children were born during the

marriage. Mr. Fulgium has been an active duty member of the United States Marine Corps

since July 12, 1999.

 On May 30, 2017, Mr. and Ms. Fulgium entered into a Partial Marital Settlement

Agreement (the "Agreement"). The Agreement settled all issues regarding the divorce,

with the exception of alimony, Mr. Fulgium's military pension, and attorney's fees. The

parties planned to address these issues at a trial on the merits.

 Trial began that same day, May 30, 2017. Ms. Fulgium requested "three years of

alimony," a portion of Mr. Fulgium's military pension, and attorney's fees. With respect

to the pension, counsel stated that the Federal Government had changed the way pensions

were dealt with by the military:

 [I]t used to be like we do with all other pensions, you have the Bangs formula,
 where the number of years that . . . the parties were married . . . over all the
 overall time that employee was working for the, for the company. That's no
 longer the case.

 What they now decided on a Federal basis is that the bottom number
 is frozen as of the time that the parties get divorced, so even though the
 pension will continue to grow for Mr. Fulgium, my client's not entitled to

 2
 share in that anymore and that's nothing that this Court decides, it's just what
 the Federal law now is.

 Mr. Fulgium asked that the court deny Ms. Fulgium's claims for alimony and

attorney's fees. He asked that the court award him the "full amount of his military retired

pay."

 At trial, Mr. Fulgium testified that his marriage to Ms. Fulgium first started to

deteriorate in 2011, when he became aware that she had been involved in "intimate action

with neighbors" while he was deployed. He testified that, although Ms. Fulgium had been

"extremely responsible" when they first got married, she began spending a lot of money

over the course of the marriage, and money he had saved was depleted.

 Mr. Fulgium, who was 36 years old at the time of trial, testified that his rank in the

Marines was a "Chief Warrant Officer 2." According to his W-2 forms for the years 2014,

2015, and 2016, he made $52,950.60, $56,264.45, and $60,195.60, respectively. Mr.

Fulgium had a high school education, and he used his GI bill, in the amount of

approximately $27,000, to help Ms. Fulgium earn her master's degree.

 Ms. Fulgium, who was 31 at the time of trial, was living in California. She testified

that she received her master's degree in 2014. It took her three years to complete the

degree, and she received 12 months' credit from the GI bill.

 Ms. Fulgium testified regarding her health during the marriage. She had several

medical conditions that required surgery, and Mr. Fulgium helped her after the surgeries.

As of the date of trial, however, Ms. Fulgium was healthy, with no health complications.

 3
 Ms. Fulgium testified that, in 2016, her annual earnings were $55,582.17. Her monthly

expenses were less than her earnings.

 After the evidence was presented, counsel for Mr. Fulgium asked that he receive his

full share of his retired pay. Counsel for Ms. Fulgium requested that she be awarded a

share of the pension "from the date they got married until the date they got divorced."

 On June 27, 2017, the circuit court held a disposition hearing. The court denied

each party's request for attorney's fees, and Ms. Fulgium's request for alimony.

 With respect to Mr. Fulgium's military pension, the court discussed the "National

Defense Authorization Act of fiscal year 2017, known as [N]DAA 17," which revised "how

pension orders are written and will operate." The court stated:

 In accordance with [N]DAA 17, the hypothetical retired pay
 attributable to the rank and years of service of a military member at the time
 of the applicable order will be divided rather than a percentage of the total
 retirement following the service member's retirement. So the [c]ourt has
 used this with regard to the pension.

 The pension benefit to be divided is frozen as of the date of the entry
 of this order, which will be if one of you does the order. The only adjustment
 will be the cost of living adjustment made under 10 U.S.C. Section
 1401(a)(b) between the time of the court order [and] the time of retirement.

 In practice, this number is gathered by the highest 3 years of
 continuous pay. That's often the most 3 recent years. This element must be
 multiplied with the retired pay multiplier, which is 2.5 times of credi[table]
 service at the time of the order.

 Here, Mr. Fulgium submitted his W-2 statements for 2014, 2015, and
 2016, tax forms reflecting annual compensation of $52,950.60, $56,463.95,
 and $60,195.60 respectively. Therefore, on average, Mr. Fulgium earned
 $56,536.72 over the past 3 years. He has been enlisted in the Marine Corps
 for 215 months, which equals 17.9 years, resulting in a retired pay multiplier
 of 0.448. The 17.9 years credited times 2.5 percent when this amount is
 multiplied by the highest three, the resulting gross pay amount is $25,300.18.

 4
 Thus using the formula under [N]DAA 17, which was passed December of
 2016[,] [Ms.] Fulgium shall be awarded 15 percent of disposable military
 retired pay Mr. Fulgium would have received, had the member retired with
 retired base high of $56,536.72, as of today, June 27, 2017.
 So as of today—well, this number has to be adjusted because the order
 is not ready today. I need to redo this, recalculate this, but as of today's date,
 Mr. Fulgium's retired base pay is $56,536.72 following 17 years, 19 [sic]
 months of credible service. That, to date, Mr. Fulgium's annual payout in
 accordance with that 215 months of service is at an annual rate of $25,300.18.
 [Ms.] Fulgium should be awarded marital portion of pension as had accrued
 on the date of this order using that formula.

 In response to the circuit court's oral ruling, counsel for Ms. Fulgium asked the

court to clarify whether it awarded Ms. Fulgium 50% of Mr. Fulgium's disposable military

pay or 15%. The following colloquy between the court and counsel for Ms. Fulgium

ensued:

 THE COURT: Fifteen. I did that because of the number. When you
 take the number, when I multiplied, it came out to be $16,000; and 50 percent
 of that 16, which is the 12 years they were married, the 50 percent of the 16
 is $8,000. That $8,000 is 15 percent of the $25,000. That makes sense.

 [COUNSEL]: It didn't, to me.

 THE COURT: When you figure it out using the formula, it is different.
 But when I figured out the formula, by using the formula I did, I came up
 with a number that was $16,000-and-some-odd dollars.

 [COUNSEL]: Which was what?

 THE COURT: Which was based on his years of service while they
 were married. And 50 percent of that $16,000, which would be her pension,
 50 percent of that would be $8,000. The $8,000 then from the $25,300.18 -
 - I'm sorry. The 15 percent of that is $8,000. So that's why I said 15 percent
 of that $25,000 number. That might have been a convoluted way to say it.

 [COUNSEL]: Off the top of my head, wouldn't $8,000 – if you use
 25, wouldn't that be roughly a third?

 THE COURT: No. It's 50 percent of the 16. The 25,000 is 15 percent.

 5
 [COUNSEL]: Right.

 THE COURT: Oh, you're saying a third. 32 percent? I think you're
 right. I think I did that wrong.

 [COUNSEL]: It would seem to me that –

 THE COURT: I think you're right. That number is incorrect.

 The goal is [Ms.] Fulgium will be awarded 15 percent of disposable
 military retired pay, [that] Mr. Fulgium would have received, had he retired
 with a retired base high of $56,536.72 with his 17 years and 9 months of
 creditable service as of today's date.

 The circuit court explained that the 15% was 50% of the 11.11 years they were

married, which was $16,000, and 50% of that "is 8." The court stated that it would order

"that [Ms.] Fulgium shall be granted the marital portion of Mr. Fulgium's military pension

in accordance with the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017," and it requested that

counsel "draft the appropriate military divorce order in accordance with the National

Defense Authorization Act of 2017, for the division of Mr. Fulgium's military pension."

With respect to Ms. Fulgium's entitlement to cost-of-living adjustments ("COLAs") for

her share of Mr. Fulgium's military pension, the court stated that it believed that Ms.

Fulgium was entitled to COLA, but "[i]t's whatever the law says."

 After the circuit court's oral ruling, the parties could not agree on the terms for the

order dividing military retirement pay. The circuit court requested that each party submit

a proposed order for the court's review.

 6
 On July 31, 2017, the court issued the Constituted Pension Order,2 which stated, in

pertinent part, as follows:

 4. This Order is intended to qualify under the Uniformed Services
 Former Spouses Protection Act (USFSPA), 10 U.S.C. Sec. 1408 et seq., as
 amended by the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017 (NDAA), with
 all provisions to be interpreted in light of USFSPA, as amended.

 * * *

 6. (a) The Former Spouse is awarded 15% of the disposable
 military retired pay of the Member;

 (b) As of the date of the Judgment of Absolute Divorce on July
 27, 2017, the Member's military retired base pay (High-3) was
 $4,826.28, and the member had 17 years and 11 months of creditable
 service.

 (c) Former Spouse is entitled to direct payment from the
 military pay center, known as the Defense Finance and Accounting
 Service (DFAS), to the extent permitted by law, at the same times as
 Member receives his retired pay. In accord with the applicable law
 and regulations, payments of the retired pay to Former Spouse shall
 terminate upon the death of Member or the death of Former Spouse,
 whichever shall occur first.

 On August 21, 2017, Ms. Fulgium filed a Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment of

Absolute Divorce and Constituted Pension Order. On October 31, 3017, the circuit court

entered an order denying the motion.

 This appeal followed.

 The order stated that it was "issued pursuant to the domestic relations law of
 2

Maryland and specifically Maryland Family Law Code Sec. 8-205(a)."
 7
 DISCUSSION

 Ms. Fulgium contends that the circuit court misinterpreted federal statutes

addressing military retirement benefits and incorrectly divided Mr. Fulgium's military

pension. She asserts several contentions in this regard, which will be discussed, infra.

 Mr. Fulgium contends that the circuit court correctly applied the federal statutes

addressing military retired pay, and these statutes preempt conflicting state law. He asserts

that, after applying the federal statutes, the court properly exercised its discretion in

awarding Ms. Fulgium less than half of the marital portion of his military retired pay based

on its findings that his contributions "far exceeded" the contributions made by Ms.

Fulgium. He argues that the court "had discretion to award less than an equal marital share,

and it was not required to follow any set formula."

 Before addressing Ms. Fulgium's specific arguments, we will give some

background on the law regarding military retirement benefits. "Military retired pay is a

federal entitlement that, much like a pension, provides a monthly annuity for life upon

retirement from the armed forces." Dziamko v. Chuhaj, 193 Md. App. 98, 116, cert denied,

416 Md. 273 (2010). As Judge Nazarian explained for this Court in Hurt v. Jones-Hurt,

233 Md. App. 610, 619 (2017):

 Marriage, divorce, and the division of marital property are quintessentially
 matters of state law, and pension or retirement benefits normally are
 considered marital property at the time of divorce. But military benefits are
 creatures of federal law, and the treatment of military benefits in state divorce
 proceedings has been a source of federal and state tension for decades.

 Prior to June 26, 1981, military pensions were considered to be divisible marital

property in Maryland. Collins v. Collins, 144 Md. App. 399, 421–22 (2002). In 1981, in

 8
 McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U.S. 210, 232–33 (1981), the United States Supreme Court held

that the federal law "governing military benefits preempted state family law and precluded

those benefits from being treated as community property in state divorce proceedings."

Hurt, 233 Md. App. at 619–20. The Court of Appeals subsequently held that the rationale

in McCarty applied in Maryland, an equitable distribution state, precluding a court from

dividing military retirement pay as marital property. Hill v. Hill, 291 Md. 615, 620-21

(1981).

 In 1982, in response to McCarty, "Congress enacted the Uniform Services Former

Spouses Protection Act" ("USFSPA," or "the Act"), codified at 10 U.S.C. § 1408. Howell

v. Howell, 137 S.Ct. 1400, 1403 (2017). Accord Andresen v. Andresen, 317 Md. 380, 383

(1989). The purpose of the Act was to place courts in the same position they were in prior

to the McCarty decision with respect to non-disability military retired pay. Andresen, at

383. The Senate report stated that the Act was

 intended to remove the federal preemption found to exist by the United States
 Supreme Court and permit State and other courts of competent jurisdiction
 to apply pertinent state or other laws in determining whether military retired
 or retainer pay should be divisible. Nothing in this [Act] requires any
 division; it leaves that issue up to the courts applying community property,
 equitable distribution or other principles of marital property determination
 and distribution.

Id. at 383–84 (quoting Senate Report No. 97-502, July 22, 1982, reprinted in 1982 U.S.

Code Cong. & Admin. News, 1555, 1596, 1611).3

 3
 The Supreme Court subsequently stated that, "[b]ecause domestic relations are
preeminently matters of state law," the Court would not find that Congress intended to
preempt state law in this area absent evidence that it was "‘positively required by direct

 9
 The USFSPA provides: "Subject to the limitations of this section, a court may treat

disposable retired pay payable to a member for pay periods beginning after June 25, 1981,

either as property solely of the member or as property of the member and his spouse in

accordance with the law of the jurisdiction of such court." 10 U.S.C. § 1408(c)(1). Thus,

"[s]ubject to the limitations" of § 1408, a state court may divide a military pension as

marital property pursuant to Maryland law.

 One of the limitations on a court's ability to divide a military pension is that only

"disposable retired pay" may be considered marital property. Id. The statute defines

"disposable retired pay" as "the total monthly retired pay to which a member is entitled,"

less certain amounts, such as military retirement pay waived to receive disability payments.

10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(A). 4 By excluding from its "grant of authority the disability-related

enactment.'" Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581, 587, 597 (1989) (quoting Hisquierdo v.
Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 581 (1979)). Accord Hurt v. Jones-Hurt, 233 Md. App. 610,
629 (2017) (quoting Hisquierdo for the same proposition).
 4
 10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(A) provides as follows:

 4(A) The term "disposable retired pay" means the total monthly
 retired pay to which a member is entitled less amounts which—

 (i) are owed by that member to the United States for previous
 overpayments of retired pay and for recoupments required by law resulting
 from entitlement to retired pay;

 (ii) are deducted from the retired pay of such member as a result of
 forfeitures of retired pay ordered by a court-martial or as a result of a waiver
 of retired pay required by law in order to receive compensation under title 5
 or title 38;

 10
 waived portion of military retired pay," the USFSPA provides a limited grant of power to

divide military retired pay. Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1404. State courts still are preempted

from treating as divisible marital property military retirement pay waived by the retiree to

receive disability payments. Howell, 137 S. Ct. at 1406; Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581,

589 (1989); Hurt, 233 Md. App. at 626. Thus, only a portion of retired pay may be treated

as marital property that can be divided in divorce proceedings.

 Another significant limitation was included in the National Defense Authorization

Act for Fiscal Year 2017 ("NDAA17"), signed on December 23, 2016. See Pub.L. 114-

328, 130 Stat. 2164, 2418 (Dec. 23, 2016). This amendment to § 1408 was intended to

modify "the division of military retired pay in a divorce decree to the amount the member

would be entitled based upon the member's pay grade and years of service at the time of

the divorce rather than at the time of retirement." S. Rept. 114-255, National Defense

Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, at 168 (114th Congress, 2016); Kristy N. Kamarck,

Cong. Research Serv., RL31663, Military Benefits for Former Spouses: Legislation and

Policy Issues, at 15 (2018) (hereinafter "CRS Report"). Rather than dividing actual retired

pay at the time of retirement, the benefit would be frozen at the time of divorce. The

 (iii) in the case of a member entitled to retired pay under chapter 61
 of this title, are equal to the amount of retired pay of the member under that
 chapter computed using the percentage of the member's disability on the date
 when the member was retired (or the date on which the member's name was
 placed on the temporary disability retired list); or

 (iv) are deducted because of an election under chapter 73 of this title
 to provide an annuity to a spouse or former spouse to whom payment of a
 portion of such member's retired pay is being made pursuant to a court order
 under this section.
 11
 rationale for using a "date of divorce" method for pension valuation was that a former

spouse would not receive a windfall benefit from promotions and other pay increases that

accrued from the date of divorce to the date of retirement, to which the former spouse made

no contribution. See CRS Report, 15.

 The new provision stated, in relevant part, that "the total monthly pay to which a

member is entitled," i.e., "disposable retired pay," "shall be the amount of basic pay

payable to the member for the member's pay grade and years of service at the time of the

court order," plus cost of living adjustments. 10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(B). In the National

Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Congress made technical corrections to

this provision to clear up language problems in the NDAA17. See Pub. L. 115–91, 131

Stat. 1283, 1429 (Dec. 12, 2017); Brentley Tanner & Amelia Kays, Winds of Change: New

Rules for Dividing the Military Pension at Divorce, 30 J. Am. Acad. Matrimonial Law 491,

497 (2017-2018). The current version of the statute provides that, in the situation where

there is a final decree of divorce prior to the date of the member's retirement, disposable

retirement pay is based on "the amount of retired pay to which the member would have

been entitled using the member's retired pay base and years of service on the date of the

decree of divorce, dissolution, annulment, or legal separation, as computed under section

1406 or 1407 of this title, whichever is applicable, increased by the sum of specified cost

of living adjustments[.]"5 10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(B).

 5
 The amendments "take effect on December 23, 2016, as if enacted immediately
following the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
(Public Law 114-328) to which such amendments relate." Pub. L. 115–91, 131 Stat. 1430
(Dec. 12, 2017).
 12
 The USFSPA provides that, under certain circumstances, the nonmilitary spouse

may obtain his or her share of disposable retired pay directly from the federal government,

i.e., the Defense Finance and Accounting Service ("DFAS"). 10 U.S.C. § 1408(d)(1). To

be eligible for direct payment, there must be a court order, incident to a final decree of

divorce or legal separation, providing for the payment of an amount of the disposable

retired pay. § 1408(a)(2)&(d)(1); accord CRS Report, 2. After service on the Secretary of

such an order, "the Secretary shall make payments (subject to the limitations of [§ 1408])

from the disposable retired pay . . . to the spouse or former spouse." Id.

 One of the limitations on direct payment is that it is available only when the service

member performed ten or more years of creditable military service while married to his or

her spouse. 10 U.S.C. § 1408(d)(2). See Mansell, 490 U.S. at 585. Accord Dziamko, 193

Md. App. at 119 (direct payment of military pension not possible where parties married

only seven years). Another limitation is that "the Federal Government will not make

community property payments that exceed 50 percent of retired disposable retired or

retainer pay." Mansell, 490 U.S. at 585. See § 1408(e)(1) ("The total amount of disposable

retired pay of a member payable under all court orders pursuant to subsection (c) may not

exceed 50 percent of such disposable retired pay.").6

 6
 There has been debate in the state courts regarding whether § 1408(e)(1) is a cap
on total distribution or only direct pay. See Selitsch v. Selitsch, 492 S.W.3d 677, 684 n.3
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2015) (although the Federal Government may not make payments that
exceed 50 percent of disposable retired pay, the USFSPA does not prohibit the court from
awarding more than 50 percent to a former spouse when making an equitable distribution
in a divorce proceeding); Meyer v. Meyer, 952 So.2d 384, 386 (Ala. Civ. App. 2006) (the
USFSPA "limits to 50 percent the amount" of a member's pay that DFAS can directly pay

 13
 In sum, the USFSPA limits what is considered disposable military retirement pay

that may be divided as marital property. It permits distribution only of disposable retired

pay, but it does not require distribution. A state court has discretion whether to divide the

disposable retired pay, and if so, how, in accordance with state law. See CRS Report, 2–

3.

 With this background in mind, we address Ms. Fulgium's specific arguments.

 I.

 Ms. Fulgium initially contends that the circuit court should have calculated the

division of the military pension using the "if, as, and when" basis set forth in Bangs v.

Bangs, 59 Md. App. 350, 367–68 (1984). She summarizes the Bangs formula as: "the

employee's total pension benefit at the time of his retirement multiplied by a fraction, the

numerator of which is the employee's total years of service during marriage and the

denominator of which is the employee's total years of service at retirement (which is the

so-called ‘marital share'), which is then multiplied by fifty percent (50%), to arrive at the

non-employee's share of the employee's pension benefit." Ms. Fulgium asserts that this

to a former spouse, but this does not constitute an absolute cap on the percent of disposable
retired pay that a court may award). Accord Ex parte Smallwood, 811 So.2d 537, 539 (Ala.
2001) (§ 1408 allows a state trial court to award more than 50% of a retiree's disposable
military retirement pay.); Deliduka v. Deliduka, 347 N.W.2d 52, 55 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984)
(the Act limits direct government payments to former spouses to 50 percent of disposable
retired pay, such that payments in excess of 50 percent must be made "by the member of
the military to the spouse"). Cf. In re Marriage of Bowman, 972 S.W.2d 635, 639 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1998) (§ 1408(e)(1) "sets a fifty percent cap on retired pay awarded to former
spouses"). Although this issue is not presented in this case, it appears to us that the better
reasoned view is that the 50 percent cap relates only to direct pay.

 14
 formula cannot be frozen prior to retirement, and therefore, the proper calculation of her

marital share of the military pension is "145 months married/total number of months of

service x 50% x retired pay at benefit commencement."

 Mr. Fulgium contends that the court correctly calculated Ms. Fulgium's marital

share of Mr. Fulgium's military pension. He asserts that the federal statute preempts state

law with respect to a marital property award requiring the division of military retired pay,

and the court "correctly applied federal law to the division of [his] "retired military pay." 7

 As indicated, 10 U.S.C. § 1408 permits courts to apply state law in determining

whether military retired pay should be divisible. Andresen, 317 Md. at 383–84. In

Maryland "[a]n interest in a military pension is marital property to the extent it was earned

during the marriage." Woodson v. Saldana, 165 Md. App. 480, 488 (2005). Pursuant to

FL § 8-205, the court may transfer ownership of a pension or retirement plan from one

party to either or both parties after considering various factors.8 Thus, "[s]ubject to the

 7
 In support of this contention, Mr. Fulgium cites to the United States Department
of Defense's Financial Management Regulation, Volume 7B, entitled "Military Pay Policy
and Procedures—Retired Pay" DoD FMR 7000.14–R ("DoD Regs"). This regulation
offers a detailed explanation regarding "how a former spouse can apply for payments from
a military member's retired pay and how the former spouse's payments will be
administered." DoD Regs ¶ 290101.
 8
 FL § 8-205(b) sets forth the following factors that the court must consider in
determining the terms of transfer of a retirement plan or a monetary award:

 (1) the contributions, monetary and nonmonetary, of each party to the well-
 being of the family;
 (2) the value of all property interests of each party;
 (3) the economic circumstances of each party at the time the award is to be
 made;

 15
 limitations" of 10 U.S.C. § 1408(c)(1), a military pension may be distributed under FL §

8-205.

 In Dziamko, this Court explained the possible methods of valuing pension benefits

in a divorce proceeding:

 First, a trial court could calculate the value of the member's contributions to
 the pension during the marriage, plus interest. Second, the court could
 attempt to compute the present value of the pension when it vests. Third, the
 court could "‘determine a fixed percentage for [the non-member] of any
 future payments [the member] receives under the plan, payable to [the non-
 member] as, if, and when paid to [the member].'"

Dziamko, 193 Md. App. at 111 (quoting Deering v. Deering, 292 Md. 115, 129 (1981)).

 In Bangs, 59 Md. App. at 368, this Court approved the third option, the "if, as, and

when" method to calculate the marital portion of a pension that was earned both during and

 (4) the circumstances that contributed to the estrangement of the parties;
 (5) the duration of the marriage;
 (6) the age of each party;
 (7) the physical and mental condition of each party;
 (8) how and when specific marital property or interest in property described
 in subsection (a)(2) of this section, was acquired, including the effort
 expended by each party in accumulating the marital property or the interest
 in property described in subsection (a)(2) of this section, or both;
 (9) the contribution by either party of property described in § 8-201(e)(3) of
 this subtitle to the acquisition of real property held by the parties as tenants
 by the entirety;
 (10) any award of alimony and any award or other provision that the court
 has made with respect to family use personal property or the family home;
 and
 (11) any other factor that the court considers necessary or appropriate to
 consider in order to arrive at a fair and equitable monetary award or transfer
 of an interest in property described in subsection (a)(2) of this section, or
 both.

 16
 outside the marriage. Applying this formula, sometimes referred to as the Bangs formula,

the marital share of a pension is a fraction in which the numerator is number of months of

the marriage and the denominator is "the total number of months during which the pension

accrues from employment to retirement." Dziamko, 193 Md. App. at 112–16. "The non-

member spouse's share of the marital portion of the pension is determined by applying an

agreed-upon fixed percentage to it. That fixed percentage then is applied to any future

payments received under the pension plan." Id. at 112. This formula has been "codified

as the default method in Maryland" under FL § 8-204(b).9 Id. Using the Bangs formula,

Ms. Fulgium states that her marital share should be calculated using the following formula:

"145 months married/total number of months of service x 50% x retired pay at benefit

commencement."

 Ms. Fulgium's appellate argument, that the "court erred as a matter of law" in not

applying the Bangs formula, fails for several reasons. First, her argument in this Court,

that the circuit court erred because, pursuant to Bangs, the formula cannot be frozen before

retirement, is inconsistent with what she argued below. In argument at trial, and in a

subsequent email submitted to the court regarding the proposed Constituted Pension Order,

counsel for Ms. Fulgium argued that the proper analysis was to use the formula set forth in

the USFSPA, which counsel characterized as the Bangs formula with a modification.

Counsel specifically argued, consistent with the recent amendment, that "the denominator

 9
 FL § 8-204(b)(1) provides that "[t]he court need not determine the value of a
pension, retirement, profit sharing, or deferred compensation plan, unless a party has given
notice in accordance with paragraph (2) of this subsection that the party objects to a
distribution of retirement benefits on an ‘if, as, and when' basis."
 17
 of the marital portion fraction stops at the time of divorce, since the military member's

benefit is considered to be ‘frozen' at this point."

 Under these circumstances, Ms. Fulgium's contention is not preserved for this

Court's review. See Md. Rule 8-131(a) (an appellate court ordinarily will not decide an

issue "unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial

court"). Accord Sutton v. FedFirst Fin. Corp., 226 Md. App. 46, 80 n.18 (2015), cert.

denied, 446 Md. 293 (2016) (declining to address an argument that was not made below);

Krause Marine Towing Corp. v. Association of Maryland Pilots, 205 Md. App. 194, 223

(2012) (an argument is not preserved when it is "different from and inconsistent with" the

argument offered to the circuit court).

 This Court, however, has discretion under Md. Rule 8-131(a) to address an

unpreserved issue. Jones v. State, 379 Md. 704, 712–14 (2004). Because this case will be

reversed and remanded on other grounds, and because the parties were unable to find any

cases addressing the formula to be used in light of the recent amendments to the USFSPA,

we will address it. See Hartman v. State, 452 Md. 279, 299 (2017) (court may elect to

review an unpreserved issue when there likely will be further proceedings).

 The USFSPA, as amended by the NDAA17 in 2016, specifically sets forth the

method of calculation of disposable retired pay when there is a divorce prior to the

member's retirement. It provides that "disposable retired pay," in the situation where there

is a final decree of divorce prior to the date of the member's retirement, is calculated "using

the member's retired pay base and years of service on the date of the decree of divorce,

dissolution, annulment, or legal separation, as computed under section 1406 or 1407 of this

 18
 title, whichever is applicable, increased by the sum of ‘cost-of-living adjustments[.]'" 10

U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(B)(i). The language in the statute makes clear, and federal regulations

confirm, that when, as here, a divorce occurs after December 23, 2016, and the member

has not yet retired, "[t]he amount of retired pay is limited to that which the member would

have been entitled using the member's retired pay base and years of service on the date of

the final decree of divorce, dissolution, annulment, or legal separation." Department of

Defense Financial Management Regulations 7000.14–R ("DoD Regs") ¶ 290802.

 The formula set forth in the USFSPA, to the extent it is inconsistent with the Bangs

formula, preempts state law. See Mansell, 490 U.S. at 587 (Congress preempts state law

when that result is "‘positively required by direct enactment'") (quoting Hisquierdo v.

Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 581 (1979)). Accordingly, the circuit court here was required

to apply this analysis in assessing the marital share of military retired pay, where the

divorce became final after December 23, 2016, and before Mr. Fulgium retired. Ms.

Fulgium's contention to the contrary is without merit.

 Moreover, we note that the formula set forth by Ms. Fulgium suggests that the court

was required to give her 50 percent of the pension. That is not correct. Neither FL § 8-

205 or 10 U.S.C. § 1408 mandates any division of a military pension. Whether to award

retirement funds, and if so, how to allocate them, is within the discretion of the trial court.

Long v. Long, 129 Md. App. 554, 574 (2000).

 II.

 Ms. Fulgium next argues that, even if the formula set forth in the USFSPA controls,

the court incorrectly calculated it. She asserts that, under the USFSPA, the correct formula

 19
 is the "marital fraction (the numerator of which is [Mr. Fulgium's] years of service during

marriage and the denominator of which is [Mr. Fulgium's] total years of service as of the

date of award) x 50%," which results in the following formula:

 145 months married during service/217 months of service to date of divorce
 x 50%=33.41%.

Ms. Fulgium argues that the court erred in using an average of Mr. Fulgium's last 36

months base salary in determining the percentage formula.

 Mr. Fulgium argued in his brief that the court "correctly applied federal law to the

division of [his] military retired pay." At oral argument, however, counsel conceded that

the analysis set forth in the circuit court's oral opinion was incorrect. Counsel asserted,

however, that the written order, which reached the same conclusion, was made using the

proper analysis. Given the lack of any indication that the court's written order reflected

anything other than the analysis it set forth in court, we are not persuaded by that argument.

 We set forth the court's ruling in its entirety, supra. This ruling shows that the court

intended to transfer a portion of Mr. Fulgium's retirement pay to Ms. Fulgium. And it

clearly attempted to follow federal requirements to issue an order that permitted Ms.

Fulgium to receive direct pay from the government when Mr. Fulgium retired. As we will

explain, however, the final step in the analysis was incorrect.

 The court properly began by determining Mr. Fulgium's average salary for the three

years prior to the order. Pursuant to the USFSPA,

 in the case of a division of property as part of a final decree of divorce . . .
 that becomes final prior to the date of a member's retirement, the total
 monthly retired pay to which the member is entitled shall be—

 20
 . . . the amount of retired pay to which the member would have been entitled
 using the member's retired pay base and years of service on the date of the
 decree of divorce, dissolution, annulment, or legal separation, as computed
 under section 1406 or 1407 of this title, whichever is applicable, increased
 by the sum of the cost-of-living adjustments[.]

Section 1408(a)(4)(B).10

 Section 1407 of the USFSPA, applicable here,11 provides that a member's retired

pay base "is the person's high-three average," which is "the total amount of monthly basic

pay to which the member was entitled for the 36 months (whether or not consecutive) out

of all the months of active service of the member for which the monthly basic pay to which

the member was entitled was the highest, divided by . . . 36." § 1407(c)(1)(A)-(B).

Applying this analysis, the court found, and the parties do not dispute, that Mr. Fulgium's

average salary in the three years prior to the order was $56,536.

 The court's analysis up to this point, finding that Mr. Fulgium's retired pay base

was $56,536.72, was essentially correct. The court's analysis regarding how to divide that

retirement benefit, however, is not as clear.

 As indicated, it is within the court's discretion, after considering the factors set forth

in FL § 8-205, to determine how to equitably divide a pension or retirement plan. If the

 10
 As indicated, this statutory provision, which took effect in 2017, applies to cases
"where the former spouse and member were divorced after December 23, 2016, [when] the
court awards the former spouse a division of property, and the member has not yet retired."
DoD Regs ¶ 290801.
 11
 Section 1407 applies to people who became members after September 7, 1980.
10 U.S.C. § 1407. As discussed, Mr. Fulgium joined the Marine Corps in 1999. Section
1406 applies to people who became members before September 8, 1980.

 21
 court intends to issue an order providing for direct pay by the Government, however, the

federal regulations provide that the order must meet certain requirements. The "award

must be expressed as a fixed dollar amount or as a percentage of disposable retired pay."

DoD Regs ¶ 290601(C). In the situation here, where the divorce occurred "before the

member became entitled to receive military retired pay, the retired pay may be expressed

as a formula or hypothetical retired pay award." DoD Regs ¶ 290601(E).12

 The record indicates that the court intended to give a hypothetical retired pay award.

Such an award is defined as:

 Hypothetical retired pay award is an award based on a percentage of retired
 pay that is calculated using variables provided in a court order that are
 different from the member's actual retirement variables. The retired pay
 calculated using the ordered variables is called the member's hypothetical
 retired pay. A hypothetical award typically attempts to define the property
 interest in the retired pay as if the member had retired at the time the court
 divided the member's military retired pay based upon the member's rank, or
 high-3 amount, and years of service accrued to that point in time. Thus, the
 former spouse does not benefit from the member's pay increases due to
 promotions or increased service time after the divorce.

DoD Regs ¶ 290213.

 The Regulations give further guidance on "Acceptable Hypothetical Retired Pay

Awards," as follows:

 A. A hypothetical retired pay award is a percentage of a retired pay
 amount calculated using the standard method to compute retired pay, but
 using variables different from those used to calculate the member's actual
 retired pay. It is usually calculated as if the member had become entitled to
 receive retired pay at the time the court divided the member's retired pay.

 12
 Because "the computation of formula and hypothetical retired pay awards result
in a percentage, they are considered a type of percentage award, and would automatically
receive a proportionate share of the member's retired pay COLA." DoD Regs ¶ 290601(E).

 22
 B. To calculate a hypothetical retired pay award, the designated agent
 must first calculate the hypothetical retired pay amount. The hypothetical
 retired pay amount is calculated by multiplying the hypothetical retired pay
 multiplier times the hypothetical retired pay base. If the initial retired pay
 computation is not a multiple of $1, it is rounded down to the next lower
 multiple of $1. . . .

 C. Retired Pay Multiplier

 1. The standard retired pay multiplier is 2.5 percent times the
 member's years of creditable service. . . . In the case of a hypothetical
 retired pay award, the hypothetical retired pay multiplier is determined
 by multiplying 2.5 percent times the hypothetical years of creditable
 service provided in the court order. The resulting percentage is rounded
 two decimal places. . . .

 * * *

 D. Retired Pay Base

 * * *

 2. . . . is the average of the member's highest 36 months of basic
 pay at retirement (high-3 amount). . . . their average basic pay for the
 most recent 36 months prior to the hypothetical retirement date.

 E. In order to enable the designated agent to calculate the hypothetical
 retired pay amount, the court order must provide:

 1. The percentage the former spouse was awarded;

 2. The hypothetical years of creditable service . . . ;

 3. The hypothetical retired pay base. . . . ; and

 4. The hypothetical retirement date.

DoD Regs ¶ 290608.

 23
 Here, as indicated, the court found, pursuant to DoD Regs ¶ 290608(D), that Mr.

Fulgium's retired pay base, his average basic pay the prior 36 months, was $56,536.72 per

year.13 Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1409 and DoD Regs ¶ 290608(B)&(C), the court, in

determining Mr. Fulgium's ultimate retirement pay, calculated a hypothetical retired pay

amount by using the standard retired pay multiplier of 2.5% times Mr. Fulgium's years of

creditable service. The court, therefore, multiplied 2.5% and 17.9 years (.025 x 17.9 =

.448) and rounded the percentage to 0.45.

 The court then, pursuant to DoD Regs ¶ 290608(B), multiplied the hypothetical pay

base of $56,536 by 0.45, the hypothetical retired pay multiplier, to get a hypothetical pay

amount of $25,330. Up to this point, the court's calculations were, with slight

modifications, correct.14

 The next step was to consider the marital share of this amount. The Fulguims were

married for 12 of Mr. Fulgium's 18 years of service, or 67% of the time. Applying this

 13
 The court's order stated, however, that Mr. Fulgium's monthly base pay was
$4,826.28, or $57,915.36 annually.
 14
 The court's oral ruling calculated Mr. Fulgium's years of creditable service as of
the date of the oral ruling. Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(2), however, a "court order"
means a final decree of divorce. The ultimate order calculated Mr. Fulgium's time of
creditable service as 17 years and 11 months. By our calculations, because Mr. Fulgium
entered the service on July 12, 1999, and the date of the Judgment of Absolute Divorce
was July 30, 2017, Mr. Fulgium's years of service as of the time of the court order was 18
years, or 216 months. This does not change, however, the hypothetical retired pay
multiplier of 0.45. Multiplying that by $57,915, the pay base included in the court's order,
results in a hypothetical pay amount of $26,061. The figures for the proper hypothetical
pay amount should be revisited on remand.

 24
 percentage to the hypothetical pay amount of $26,061 equals $17,461. Dividing that

amount, the marital share, by 50%, which appears to be what the court intended, equals

$8,730.15 That figure of $8,730, however, represents approximately 33% of the

hypothetical pay amount of $26,061, not 15%.

 The rationale for the court's determination that Ms. Fulgium would receive 15% of

Mr. Fulgium's disposable retired pay is not entirely clear, but based on the court's

comments, the percentage of retired pay the court awarded does not appear to be correct.

Accordingly, we must vacate the judgment and remand for further proceedings.16 On

remand, the court shall make clear what percentage of this marital asset Ms. Fulgium

should receive and the basis for its determination.

 JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
 FOR PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY
 VACATED AND REMANDED. COSTS TO
 BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

 15
 Our review of the record does not reflect, as Mr. Fulgium alleges, that the judge
intended to award Ms. Fulgium less than an equal share of the marital portion of the
pension. Rather, as indicated supra, the court made specific reference to giving Ms.
Fulgium 50% of the marital portion of the military pension.
 16
 With respect to Ms. Fulgium's contention that the circuit court erred "when it
failed to include any COLAs to [her] marital share of [Mr. Fulgium's] military pension in
the entered judgment of absolute divorce and constituted pension order" we note that DoD
Regs ¶ 290601 explains, in relevant part: "A retired pay award expressed as a percentage
will automatically receive a proportionate share of the member's cost-of-living adjustment
(COLA)."
 25