CourtListener opinion 10462455

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The following constitutes the ruling of the court and has the force and effect therein described. 

Signed November 22, 2022 Wb 
 United States Bankruptcy Judge 

 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 
 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 
 DALLAS DIVISION 
 § 
 In re: § Chapter 7 
 § 
 MARCUS JARROD PAYNE § 
 § Case No. 21-31735-SGJ-7 
 Debtor. § 
 § 
 § 
 § 
 STACY PAYNE, § 
 § 
 Plaintiff, § Adversary No. 22-03030-sgj 
 § 
 v. § Adversary No. 22-03058-sgj 
 § 
 MARCUS JARROD PAYNE, § 
 § Consolidated Adversary Cases 
 Defendant. § 
 § 
 § 

 AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 
 DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF'S AND DEFENDANT'S COMPETING MOTIONS 
 FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 

Before the Court are competing motions for summary judgment of Plaintiff Stacy Payne, a 
creditor, and Defendant Marcus Jarrod Payne, a chapter 7 debtor. The present issue is whether 
six state court judgments awarding attorney's fees, costs, and sanctions to Plaintiff should be 
excepted from Defendant Debtor's discharge under 11 U.S.C. Section 523(a)(5) or Section 
523(a)(15). Having considered the evidence in support and opposition to both motions, the Court 

hereby grants Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in part and denies in part. Likewise, the 
Court grants Defendant's motion for summary judgment in part and denies it in part. 
I. Undisputed Facts 
Plaintiff Stacy Payne ("Plaintiff" or sometimes "SP") and Defendant Marcus Jarrod Payne 
("Defendant" or sometimes "MJP") are former spouses who each sought a divorce from one 
another in May 2019 in the 303rd Judicial District Court in Dallas County, Texas ("Family 

Court"). After mediation, they entered into an Agreed Final Decree of Divorce that was signed 
by the Family Court on December 2, 2019 (the "Divorce Decree") [See Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. A].1 
The Divorce Decree dissolved their marriage; ordered a division of property and debts; and 
contained a "release," releasing each other "from every claim, demand, right and obligation 
whatsoever, both in law and in equity, that either of them ever had or now has against the other 
or their property upon the reason of any matter, cause (including but not limited to Cause No. JS 
19 00127G), including tort claims of any kind, or thing up to entry of this Agreed Final Divorce 
Decree . . .. (the "Release")" Id. at p. 22. Both parties signed it. There were no children of the 
marriage. 

 A. The Post-Divorce Defamation Suit 

1 All Dkt. No. references are to the docket maintained by the Bankruptcy Clerk in Adversary Proceeding No. 22-
3030, unless otherwise indicated.    
 In March of 2020 (just three months after the Divorce Decree), MJP sued SP for 
defamation and related torts ("Defamation Suit"), based on statements allegedly made by SP in 
connection with a pre-divorce domestic dispute and 911-call and other statements/acts 
thereafter—all of which occurred before the entry of the Divorce Decree. The Defamation Suit 
was filed in the 134th Judicial District Court of Dallas County, Texas. SP answered and moved to 

dismiss based on the Release in the Divorce Decree. The Defamation Suit was subsequent 
transferred to the Family Court. Defendant appealed the interlocutory transfer order, and the 
Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas dismissed the appeal for want of 
jurisdiction and ordered that SP recover her costs from MJP [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. B]. The Family 
Court later granted SP's motion to dismiss the Defamation Suit and awarded her $20,000 in 
attorney's fees and expenses [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. D]. Defendant appealed, and the Court of 
Appeals for Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana affirmed the Family Court's ruling 
[Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. C]. See also Payne v. Payne, No. 06-20-00051-CV (Ct. App—Texarkana 
Apr. 1, 2021).2 The Court of Appeals Memorandum Opinion makes it very clear that the reason 

for the dismissal of the Defamation Suit and attorney's fee award was the Release in the Divorce 
Decree—i.e., any of the claims asserted in the Defamation Suit had been released. 
 B. The Post-Divorce QDRO Suit 
 The Family Court also oversaw a post-divorce enforcement action centering around the 

qualified domestic relation order (QDRO) completion and approval process. Specifically, the 

2 The court takes judicial notice of this opinion that is available in the public record but was not part of the summary 
judgment evidence. [Courts may take judicial notice of items not submitted as part of summary judgment evidence 
but are available in the public record. Evid. Code, § 452, subds. (c), (d).]. This opinion thoroughly explains the 
details relevant to the Defamation Suit. Note that the appeal from the Family Court was transferred to Texarkana 
from the Fifth Court of Appeals in Dallas by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. 
See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 73.001. 
Divorce Decree had awarded MJP a portion of certain of SP's retirement benefits and stated that 
the details would be defined in a subsequent QDRO that would be signed by the Family Court 
after the Divorce Decree. The Family Court went on to state that "Husband [MJP] shall pay 
100% for cost of QDRO drafting and submission and any all [sic] applicable Federal Income 
Taxes and State Taxes associate with the husband's receipt of these funds." [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. 

A, p. 4.] Thus, MJP was required to prepare, submit, and pay the cost of obtaining the post-
divorce QDROs. MJP failed to do so properly, and SP hired a professional to correct the errors. 
When SP then moved for entry of judgment from the Family Court, MJP filed repeated 
objections, afterwards initiating an action against SP in relation to the QDROs. After finding 
MJP's actions groundless and for the purpose of harassment, the Family Court awarded several 
judgments in SP's favor, for both sanctions and attorney's fees [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. E-H]. 

 C. The Bankruptcy Filing 
On September 28, 2021, Defendant commenced a voluntary petition for relief pursuant to 
Chapter 7 of Title 11 of the United States Code in the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District 
of Texas [See Case No. 21-31735]. Thereafter, Plaintiff filed a complaint pursuant to 11 U.S.C 
§523(a)(5) and (a)(15), objecting to the dischargeability of the debts stemming from six 
judgments or orders rendered against Defendant in connection with the post-divorce Defamation 
Suit and the QDRO Suit: 

1. With respect to the Defamation Suit, a "Mandate" (entered on May 11, 2020) from the 
 Court of Appeals for the Fifth District, issued after its dismissal of MJP's unsuccessful 
 appeal of the transfer of the Defamation Suit to the Family Court, awarding SP's cost of 
 appeal [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. B]. 
2. With respect to the Defamation Suit, an "Order on Respondent's Motion to Dismiss 
 Baseless Causes of Action" (entered July 2, 2020), dismissing the Defamation Suit and 
 assessing $20,000.00 in attorney's fees and expenses against Defendant and in favor of 
 Plaintiff [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. D]. 
3. With respect to the QDRO Suit, a "Judgment" (entered May 7, 2021) awarding SP 

 $13,456.00 plus 5% accruing interest in attorney's fees and expenses related to the 
 preparation of the QDROs. [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. E]. 
4. With respect to the QDRO Suit, an additional "Order Awarding Attorney Fees and 
 Expenses" (entered May 7, 2021) for $4,853.36 plus 5% accruing interest in attorney's 
 fees after the Family Court found Defendant's objections to entry of judgment in the 
 post-divorce QDRO Suit to be "groundless and brought in bad faith or for purpose of 
 harassment." [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. F]. 
5. With respect to the QDRO Suit, yet another "Order Awarding Attorney Fees and 
 Expenses" (entered May 7, 2021) for another $1,100.00 with 5% accruing interest in 

 attorney's fees, in connection with Plaintiff's amended motion for a final written 
 judgment in the post-divorce proceeding [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. G]. 
6. With respect to the QDRO Suit, yet another "Judgment" (entered May 14, 2021) for 
 $5,000.00 in sanctions with interest accruing at 5%, after the court found Defendant's 
 actions in the post-divorce QDRO Suit groundless and for the purpose of harassment 
 [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. H]. 
Defendant promptly filed a motion to dismiss this nondischargeablity adversary proceeding 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b). This Court denied the motion, stating that Plaintiff 
had established a plausible claim. 
Defendant then filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that none of the debts owed to 
Plaintiff fall under the purview of either 11 U.S.C § 523(a)(5) or (a)(15). Plaintiff countered with 
her own motion for summary judgment, stating that Defendant cannot receive a discharge of any 
of the six debts created by the court judgments/orders set forth above, which she claims are all 
debts arising from "a domestic support obligation" (§ 523(a)(5)) or, in the alternative, were 

"incurred by the debtor…in connection with . . . a divorce decree" (§ 523(a)(15)). 
II. Standard for Summary Judgment 
Summary judgment is proper where "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56, as made applicable 
by FED. R. BANKR. P. 7056. In concluding whether a question of fact has been raised, the evidence 
must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Berquist v. Washington Mut. 
Bank, 500 F.3d 344, 349 (5th Cir. 2007). A genuine issue of material fact exists "if the evidence 
is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Pylant v. Hartford 
Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 497 F.3d 536, 538 (5th Cir. 2007). 
A court's role at the summary judgment stage is not to weigh the evidence or decide the truth 
of the matter at hand, but rather to determine solely whether a genuine issue of material fact 
exists. Peel & Co., Inc. v. The Rug Market, 238 F.3d 391, 394 (5th Cir. 2001).3 After the movant 
has presented a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the burden then shifts to the 

nonmoving party to show with "significant probative evidence" that a genuine issue of material 
fact does exist. Hamilton v. Segue Software Inc., 232 F.3d 473, 477 (5th Cir. 2000). The parties 

3 "The court must review all of the evidence in the record, but make no credibility determinations or weigh any 
evidence" (citing Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 135, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 
(2000)); see also U.S. v. An Article of Food Consisting of 345/50 Pounds Bags, 622 F.2d 768, 773 (5th Cir. 1980) 
(the court "should not proceed to assess the probative value of any of the evidence...."). 
may satisfy their respective burdens by tendering depositions, affidavits, and any other 
competent evidence. See Topalian v. Ehrman, 954 F.2d 1125, 1131 (5th Cir. 1992). 
When, as in the present case, opposing parties both submit motions for summary judgment, 
"each motion must be considered on its own merits." William W. Schwarzer, et al., The Analysis 
and Decision of Summary Judgment Motions, 139 F.R.D. 441, 499 (Feb. 1992).4 When analyzing 

such cross-motions for summary judgment, the court reviews each party's motion independently, 
viewing the relevant evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the respective non-
moving party. Bell v. Itawamba Cnty. Sch. Bd., 774 F.3d 280, 290 (5th Cir. 2014). 
III. Legal Analysis and Discussion 
Bankruptcy subject matter jurisdiction exists in this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 
U.S.C. § 1334. This is a statutory core proceeding, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §157(b)(2)(I); thus, the 
Court has statutory authority to enter a final order. Moreover, the Court has determined that it 
has Constitutional authority to enter a final order in this matter. 
The key question in this case concerns the applicability of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5) and 11 

U.S.C. § 523(a)(15) to the debts owed by the Defendant to the Plaintiff. 
Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523, 
 (a) A discharge under section 727 ... of this title does not discharge an individual debtor 
 from any debt – 
 (5) for a domestic support obligation 
 ... 
 or; 
 ... 
 (15) to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor and not of the kind 
 described in paragraph (5) that is incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce 
   
4 see also 10A Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2720, at 335-36 (3d ed. 1998) (stating: 
"The court must rule on each party's motion on an individual and separate basis, determining, for each side, whether 
a judgment may be entered in accordance with the Rule 56 standard.")  
 or separation or in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or 
 other order of a court of record, or a determination made in accordance with State 
 or territorial law by a governmental unit. 
 This Court has previously noted that these two provisions together demonstrate 
"Congress' balance[ing] two public policies ... the Bankruptcy Code's purpose of 
providing a fresh start to a deserving debtor; and the importance of the debtor's obligation to his 
family. In re Brooks, 371 B.R. 761, 766 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2007) (citing Marrama v. Citizens 
Bank, 549 U.S. 365, 127 S. Ct. 1105, 1109, 166 L. Ed. 2d 956 L.E.d.2d 956 (2007)). Both 
section 523(a)(5) and (a)(15) attempt to ensure that a non-debtor spouse will not be "left out of 
pocket because of a debtor's bankruptcy filing." Id. at 767. 
 Plaintiff argues in her motion that all six judgments/orders rendered by the state court 
should be excepted from discharge under both these two provisions. In contrast, Defendant 
moves for summary judgment arguing that none of the six falls under either subsection. 

Accordingly, the Court now turns to § 523(a)(5) and (a)(15) respectively. 
A. Non-dischargeability of a Debt Under § 523(a)(5) 

First, this Court must consider whether Defendant's obligations for Plaintiff's attorney fees 
and costs are nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5). Under this provision, a debt will not 
be discharged if it constitutes a "domestic support obligation." The term "domestic support 
obligation" is defined in section 101(14A) of the Bankruptcy Code as a debt owed to a debtor's 
child, spouse, or former spouse in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support arising out of a 
court order by reason of a separation agreement or divorce decree. 

Plaintiff contends that all judgments/orders rendered by the state court are debts arising from 
a domestic support obligation given their connection to the divorce proceeding, and thus should 
not be dismissed under this subsection. Defendant counters that none of the judgments are in any 
way related to a support obligation; he notes the fact that neither the Divorce Decree nor any 
other court ruling or judgment granted Plaintiff alimony, child support, or any other domestic or 
matrimonial financial aid. 

Plaintiff's argument misstates the function of § 523(a)(5). Based on the plain language of the 
statute, for a debt to be nondischargeable under this provision, its purpose must be the provision 
of support to the party it is owed. 
Based on the nondisputed facts put forth by both parties, it seems clear that the state courts 

did not intend any of the debts created by the six judgments/orders to be in the nature of support. 
As set forth above, two of the awards were in relation to Defendant's dismissed Defamation Suit 
against Plaintiff. The other four judgments/orders from the QDRO Suit created debts intended to 
reimburse SP for QDRO preparation attorney's fees and expenses (which the Divorce Decree 
contemplated that MJP would bear), as well as fee shifting and sanctions awarded to SP to 
compensate her for groundless or bad faith conduct on the part of Defendant (again, in 
connection with the QDRO process, that had been contemplated by the Divorce Decree). 
Plaintiff has failed to put forward evidence or a credible argument that any of the six debts were 
in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support for her. 

Therefore, this Court concludes that the undisputed evidence establishes as a matter of law 
that none of the debts fall under the § 523(a)(5) exception to discharge, as they are not "domestic 
support obligations" within the meaning of the statute. 
B. Non-dischargeability of a Debt Under § 523(a)(15) 
The Court now considers whether the debts created by the six state court judgments/orders 
fall under the purview of § 523(a)(15). 
Section 523(a)(15) was added into the Bankruptcy Code by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 
1994, and then amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 
2005 (BAPCPA).5 The net result was to "expand the universe of divorce related debts excepted 

from discharge." In re Morris, 454 B.R. 660 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2011).6 While 11 U.S.C. Section 
523(a)(5) only prevents "domestic support obligation[s]" from being discharged in bankruptcy, 
Section 523(a)(15) covers all other debts owed to a former spouse, provided they are incurred "in 
the course of" or "in connection with" a divorce. 
There are three requisite elements to a non-dischargeable debt under Sub-Section (a)(15): (1) 
the debt in question is owed to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor; (2) the debt is not 
a support obligation of the type described in Sub-Section (a)(5); and (3) the obligation was 
incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce or separation or in connection with a separation 
agreement, divorce decree, or other order of a court of record. 

According to undisputed evidence in the record, all six debts in question here easily satisfy 
the first two requirements of § 523(a)(15). First, all six debts are either owed to the former 
spouse, Plaintiff, directly (i.e., the $5,000.00 judgment for sanctions), or indirectly, as an award 
for attorney's fees and expenses. Such attorney's fees awards are intended to reimburse a party 
for her own debt owing to her attorney; this Court has held that the latter is covered by § 
523(a)(15). See In re Morris at 663. Secondly, as discussed above, none of the debts created by 

5 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 523.23 (16th Ed.).  
6 See also In re Taylor, 478 B.R. 419, 427 (10th Cir. BAP 2012), aff'd, 737 F.3d 670 (10th Cir. 2013) ("exceptions 
to discharge under § 523(a)(15) are construed more liberally than other provisions of § 523."); but see Bullock v. 
Bank Champaign, 569 U.S. 267 (2013) (explaining that "exceptions to discharge ‘should be confined to those 
plainly expressed,'" and that Congress normally confines such exceptions to circumstances where "special policy 
considerations, such as the presence of fault, argue for preserving the debt"). 
the six judgments/orders are a support obligation of the type described in § 523(a)(5); 
consequently, the second requirement has been fulfilled as well. 
This leaves us with the last requirement for a debt to be held non-dischargeable under § 
523(a)(15): it must have arisen "in the course of" a divorce or separation or "in connection with" 
a separation agreement, divorce decree, or other order of a court of record. 

Courts have differed in how broadly they have interpreted this subsection's last requirement. 
Several jurisdictions have expanded their understanding of what satisfies the elements of § 
523(a)(15) to include: (1) equalization payments originally owed to a former spouse but now due 
to a third party;7 (2) attorney's fees awarded from a post-divorce custody proceeding;8 (3) debts 
ordered by a divorce decree to be paid to the former spouse;9 (4) attorney's fees awarded for not 
making payments towards a sanction imposed for a failure to remove a lis pendens on a property 
as ordered in the divorce decree;10 and (5) attorney's fees and costs incurred to defend a suit 
predicated on alleged negative or untrue statements made about former spouse's parental 
fitness.11 

However, other courts have not applied the exception so broadly. The Bankruptcy Court for 
the Northern District of Georgia relied on a textual analysis of the section which uses "incurred" 
and "in the course," rather than more broad terms such as "addressed," to conclude that an 

7 See in re Esparsen, 545 B.R. 330 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2016) (explaining that a charging lien on the outstanding 
equalization payment filed by the former spouse's attorney did not keep the debt from being non-dischargeable 
under §§ (a)(15)). 
8 In re Gruber, 436 B.R. 39 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2010) (finding that a former spouse's award for attorney's fees from 
defending a motion to modify child support filed a year after the divorce was finalized non-dischargeable). 
9 In re Santry, 481 B.R. 824 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2012) (debtor was ordered under the divorce decree to pay spouse for 
building credit card debt in her name during their marriage which was non-dischargeable). 
10 In re Kearney, 433 B.R. 640 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2010) (J. Bohm). 
11 In re Bohrer, 628 B.R. 676 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2021) (explaining that a former spouse's award for attorney's fees 
from defending a defamation suit that was (1) brought during the ten-year period the parties were in custody 
proceeding, and modifications, and (2) based on actions within those proceedings, was non-dischargeable under §§ 
(a)(15)). 
obligation under a divorce decree to pay 50% of an SBA loan was not excepted from discharge 
under Sub-Section (a)(15). In re Proyect, 503 B.R. 765, 775 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2013. In a later 
case, the same court did not find Sub-Section (a)(15) applicable to attorney's fees arising out of a 
defamation suit with common underlying facts to the divorce proceedings even if they were 
"intertwined" with it. In re Wilbur, 574 B.R. 782 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2017). 

The question for this court is whether each debt meets this element as a matter of law—since, 
according to both Plaintiff's and Defendant's motions for summary judgment, there are no 
relevant questions of material fact regarding the actual judgments/orders themselves, or whether 
the courts of record did render each one. Therefore, we now look only to each judgment/order to 
see if the debt created falls within the bounds of §§(a)(15)'s third condition. 
i. The Judgments/Orders in the Defamation Suit: "Mandate" Awarding Plaintiff Costs 
 Associated with Appeal and the $20,000 Attorney's Fees Award of the Family Court 
 in Connection with Dismissal of Defamation Suit 
The first debts to examine are the two created in connection with the Defamation Suit—i.e., 

(a) the debt created in the Mandate of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at 
Dallas, when it dismissed Defendant's appeal of the transfer of his Defamation Suit to the Family 
Court, and (b) the subsequent award of $20,000 in attorney's fees by the Family Court to 
Plaintiff after its ultimate dismissal of the Defamation Suit. 
Here, the Defamation Suit was filed by Defendant against Plaintiff after the parties had 
already divorced—so these debts created in the Defamation Suit technically were not incurred in 
the course of a divorce or separation. However, the Defamation Suit was later dismissed due to 
the Release of claims included in the Divorce Decree. Does this make the debts incurred in 
connection with a divorce decree? 
When presented with a similar case, the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of 
California concluded that an award of attorney's fees for a defamation claim were sufficiently 
related to the divorce proceedings to except them from discharge. However, unlike the present 
case, the alleged defamation in question stemmed from the debtor's statements made in family 

court regarding the former spouse's fitness as a parent. In re Bohrer, 628 B.R. 676 (Bankr. S.D. 
Cal. 2021). In contrast, the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Georgia found that a 
mere similar basis of facts between a defamation suit and a divorce did not make the defamation 
suit related enough to the divorce proceedings for the judgment to be excepted from discharge 
under Sub-Section (a)(15). In re Wilbur, 574 B.R. 782 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2017) (the plaintiff 
contacted their former spouse's employer, stating that said ex-spouse was using drugs, as well as 
creating a false profile for their ex-spouse on a sex site; the Court stated that although the 
subsequent defamation litigation was intertwined with divorce-related proceedings, it did not 
arise in connection with the divorce). 

Here, the alleged defamatory statements were neither made in relation to a child custody 
battle nor during the divorce proceeding in family court. Indeed, they were allegedly made 
shortly before the divorce was filed in connection with a domestic dispute and a 911-call. 
Plaintiff argues that because the filing of the Defamation Suit was a violation of the Divorce 
Decree's mutual Release, the Family Court's award of attorney's fees post-dismissal and the 
related cost of appeal is sufficiently connected to the divorce proceeding as to be 
nondischargeable. However, the mere fact that the Defamation Suit violated the Divorce 
Decree's language does not seem sufficient to render it "incurred in the course…or in connection 
with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record." As previously 
stated, the lawsuit arose after the close of the divorce and did not involve a child custody dispute, 
alimony award, or any other such divorce-related issue. To hold these judgments non-
dischargeable simply because the Defamation Suit itself happened to be a violation of the 
Divorce Decree's Release provisions seems to exceed the statutory wording of §§(a)(15). The 
suit does not seem is closely-enough related to the divorce as to be non-dischargeable. 

As such, this Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to establish as a matter of law that these 
judgments fall within the §§(a)(15) exception to discharge. Defendant is entitled to summary 
judgment that these debts related to the defamation suit are dischargeable. 
 ii. Remaining Debts Created During the QDRO Suits (Claims 3-6) 
 The remaining four debts quite clearly arise in connection with a post-divorce 
enforcement action in the Family Court to obtain QDRO completion and approval. Like the 
above claims, the relevant question here is whether these obligations were incurred in connection 
with a separation agreement, divorce decree, or other order of a court of record, to satisfy the 
third element of Sub-Section (a)(15). 

 Here, the QDRO Suit stemmed from the division of interests in Plaintiff's retirement 
accounts that were agreed to and ordered in the Divorce Decree. Defendant was being award a 
portion of certain of Plaintiff's retirement assets. But Defendant was required to prepare and 
submit QDROs to effectuate same. However, Defendant failed to properly do so. Plaintiff 
prepared them instead and was awarded her related costs and expenses. Neither party disputes 
that the Divorce Decree required the preparation of these QDROs, that Plaintiff hired a 
professional to do so, and that the Family Court awarded her related expenses for their 
preparation. Nor do the parties dispute that the Family Court later rendered judgments in 
Plaintiff's favor for attorney's fees and sanctions after it found Defendant's actions in the same 
proceeding groundless and constituting harassment. 
 The four debts created by the four judgments/orders in the QDRO Suit all stem from an 
action required by the parties' Divorce Decree. The Divorce Decree's division of property and 
language contemplating a subsequent drafting and submission of a QDRO directly led to this 

post-divorce QDRO Suit. Therefore, the costs, expenses, and sanctions from this enforcement 
action clearly were "incurred…in connection with…a divorce decree", as contemplated by 
§§(a)(15). 
 As such, this Court can conclude as a matter of law that the four debts stemming from the 
judgments/orders stemming from the QDRO Suit are non-dischargeable under §523(a)(15). 
IV. Conclusion 
 For the reasons set forth above, summary judgment is granted to the Defendant, Marcus 
Jarrod Payne, in part, as follows: 
 Plaintiff Stacy Payne's debts arising from the Defamation Suit and the QDRO Suit are 

not excepted from discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5). 
 Plaintiff Stacy Payne's debts arising from the Defamation Suit are also not excepted from 
discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(15). 
 For the reasons set forth above, summary judgment is granted to the Plaintiff Stacy 
Payne, in part, as follows: 
 Plaintiff Stacy Payne's debts arising from the QDRO Suit are excepted from discharge 
pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(15). Specifically, the following debts are excepted from Marcus 
Jarrod Payne's bankruptcy discharge: (a) the "Judgment" in the QDRO Suit (entered May 7, 
2021) awarding Stacy Payne $13,456.00 plus 5% accruing interest in attorney's fees and 
expenses related to the preparation of the QDROs [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. E]; (b) the "Order 
Awarding Attorney Fees and Expenses" (entered May 7, 2021) in the QDRO Suit for $4,853.36 
plus 5% accruing interest in attorney's fees [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. F]; (c) the "Order Awarding 
Attorney Fees and Expenses" (entered May 7, 2021) in the QDRO Suit for another $1,100.00 
with 5% accruing interest in attorney's fees [Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. G]; and (d) the "Judgment" 

(entered May 14, 2021) in the QDRO Suit for $5,000.00 plus interest accruing at 5% in sanctions 
[Dkt. No. 92 at Ex. H]. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

 The Agreed Divorce Decree signed by the 303rd Judicial District Court in Dallas County, 
Texas and all obligations thereunder remain enforceable and non-dischargeable. 
 The Bankruptcy Code generally does not allow for attorney fee shifting in the context of 
a section 523 action, so Plaintiff and Defendant shall each bear their own attorney's fees, 
expenses, and costs, in this nondischargeability Adversary Proceeding.12 

 Plaintiff Stacy Payne should submit a written Judgment consistent with this Opinion. 

 ### END OF MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ### 

12 Under the so-called \American Rule