CourtListener opinion 4222089

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J-S64017-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: F.E.V., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: K.V., MOTHER

 No. 900 MDA 2017

 Appeal from the Order Entered May 8, 2017
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County
 Civil Division at No(s): OC-81-2016

IN THE INTEREST OF: A.E.W.B., JR., A IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: K.V., MOTHER

 No. 901 MDA 2017

 Appeal from the Order Entered May 8, 2017
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County
 Civil Division at No(s): OC-82-2016

BEFORE: PANELLA, SHOGAN, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2017

 In these consolidated appeals, K.V. ("Mother") appeals from the trial

court's orders entered on May 8, 2017, which granted the petitions filed by
____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
 J-S64017-17

the Snyder County Children and Youth Services ("CYS" or "Petitioner") to

involuntarily terminate Mother's parental rights to her sons, A.E.W.B., Jr.,

born in March of 2015, and F.E.V., born in February of 2016 (collectively,

"the Children"). The trial court terminated Mother's parental rights to

A.E.W.B., Jr., pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b) of

the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, and it terminated Mother's

parental rights to F.E.V. pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and

(b).1 After careful review, we affirm both orders.2

 We summarize the relevant facts and procedural history of this case as

follows. CYS first became involved with this family in March of 2015 when

CYS received a report regarding Mother's older children. N.T., 2/8/17, at

29; Petitioner's Exhibit D. CYS received a second referral in June of 2015,

alleging that Mother failed to maintain A.E.W.B., Jr.'s, required medical

treatment. N.T., 2/8/17, at 45; Petitioner's Exhibit D. In-home services

were implemented until July of 2015 when it was reported that Mother

attempted suicide and Father was incarcerated. Petitioner's Exhibit D. CYS

____________________________________________

1Children's father ("Father") voluntarily consented to the termination of his
parental rights. Father is not a party to this appeal nor has he filed an
appeal from the termination of his parental rights.

2 Mother filed separate notices of appeal from the orders involuntarily
terminating her parental rights to A.E.W.B., Jr., and F.E.V. On June 15,
2017, this Court entered an order sua sponte consolidating Mother's appeals
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 513.

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removed A.E.W.B., Jr. from Mother's care and placed him with Mother's aunt

("Maternal Aunt").

 On November 19, 2015, the trial court adjudicated A.E.W.B., Jr.,

dependent. Trial Court Opinion, 5/8/17, at 1; Order, 11/19/15. Thereafter,

F.E.V. was born in February of 2016, and placed with Maternal Aunt when he

was two days old. Order, 2/22/16; Motion to Approve Child Permanency

Plan, 3/7/16. The trial court adjudicated F.E.V. dependent on February 22,

2016. Order, 2/22/16. Additionally, A.E.W.B., Jr. has special medical needs

stemming from a head injury he sustained following a dog-bite accident that

occurred when he was three months old. N.T., 2/8/17, at 40-41. As a

result, A.E.W.B., Jr. wears a protective helmet and has difficulty consuming

foods and beverages. Id. at 41.

 CYS created permanency plans for Mother to enable her to work

toward reunification with the Children. N.T., 2/8/17, at 46-47. The

objectives included: (1) maintaining stable housing; (2) obtaining

appropriate employment; (3) improving family functioning and parenting

knowledge; (4) visiting with the Children; (5) becoming independent and

self-sufficient; (6) taking prescribed medication; and (7) attending

counseling for her mental health. Id. at 49-53.

 In November of 2016, Mother was incarcerated for thirty days. N.T.,

2/8/17, at 57. On December 30, 2016, CYS filed petitions for the

involuntary termination of Mother's parental rights to Children. CYS

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petitioned to terminate Mother's parental rights to A.E.W.B., Jr. pursuant to

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b). Likewise, CYS petitioned to

terminate Mother's parental rights to F.E.V. pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. §

2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (b). A hearing was held on the petitions on

February 8, 2017, during which CYS presented the testimony of Dr. Kasey

Shienvold, a clinical psychologist and expert in bonding assessments, Arvel

Brown, the CYS placement worker, and Maternal Aunt. Mother, who was

represented by counsel, did not present any evidence.

 On May 8, 2017, the trial court involuntarily terminated Mother's

parental rights to the Children. Mother timely filed notices of appeal and

concise statements of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).

 On appeal, Mother presents the following issues for our review:

 1. Should the [t]rial [c]ourt have denied termination and ruled
 that the Agency's [p]etition under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 2511(a)(1)
 failed as Mother particularly notes that Mother had consistent,
 appropriate visitation with the children during which she
 displayed a good transfer of learning, and maintained
 telephone contact with the resource parent concerning the
 well-being of the children, all of which was within six months
 prior to the filing of the Agency's petition.

 2. Should the [t]rial [c]ourt have denied termination and ruled
 that the Agency's [p]etition under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 2511(a)(2)
 failed as Mother particularly notes that Mother had consistent,
 appropriate visitation with the children during which she
 displayed a good transfer of learning, Mother maintained
 telephone contact with the resource parent concerning the
 well-being of the children, and as of January 2017, Mother
 was consistently attending mental health treatment.

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 3. Should the [t]rial [c]ourt have denied termination and ruled
 that the Agency's [p]etition under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 2511(a)(5)
 failed as Mother particularly notes that Mother was
 consistently attending mental health treatment and taking her
 prescription medications, Mother provided the Agency with a
 lease to a residence, and there was no testimony from the
 Agency's expert to indicate that it would be in the best
 interests of the children to sever the parental bond that
 existed.

 4. Should the [t]rial [c]ourt have denied termination and ruled
 that the Agency's [p]etition under 23 Pa.C.S.[ ] § 2511(a)(8)
 failed as Mother particularly notes that Mother was
 consistently attending mental health treatment and taking her
 prescription medications, Mother provided the Agency with a
 lease to a residence, and there was no testimony from the
 Agency's expert to indicate that it would be in the best
 interests of the children to sever the parental bond that
 existed.

 Mother's Brief at 5-6.

 We consider Mother's issues according to the following standard:

 The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
 requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
 credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
 by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
 courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
 or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an
 abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
 unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
 court's decision, however, should not be reversed merely
 because the record would support a different result. We have
 previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that often
 have first-hand observations of the parties spanning multiple
 hearings.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

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 Termination of parental rights is governed by section 2511 of the

Adoption Act, and it requires a bifurcated analysis.

 Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
 seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing
 evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies the statutory
 grounds for termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if
 the court determines that the parent's conduct warrants
 termination of his or her parental rights does the court engage in
 the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b):
 determination of the needs and welfare of the child under the
 standard of best interests of the child. One major aspect of the
 needs and welfare analysis concerns the nature and status of the
 emotional bond between parent and child, with close attention
 paid to the effect on the child of permanently severing any such
 bond.

In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).

 Mother's issues challenge the termination of her rights under Section

2511(a). We need agree with the trial court only as to any one subsection

of Section 2511(a) in order to affirm. See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384

(Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). Herein, we conclude that the certified record

supports the orders pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2), which provides as

follows:

 (a) General Rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child
 may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
 grounds:

 ***

 (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
 neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child
 to be without essential parental care, control or
 subsistence necessary for his physical or mental
 well-being and the conditions and causes of the

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 incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will
 not be remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2).

 Regarding section 2511(a)(2), this Court has stated as follows.

 In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §
 2511(a)(2), the following three elements must be met: (1)
 repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2)
 such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has caused the child to
 be without essential parental care, control or subsistence
 necessary for his physical or mental well-being; and (3) the
 causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will
 not be remedied.

In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation

omitted).

 Further, we have opined that "[t]he grounds for termination due to

parental incapacity that cannot be remedied are not limited to affirmative

misconduct. To the contrary, those grounds may include acts of refusal as

well as incapacity to perform parental duties." In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326,

337 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citations omitted). Parents are required to make

diligent efforts toward the reasonably prompt assumption of full parental

responsibilities. Id. at 340. A parent's vow to cooperate, after a long period

of uncooperativeness regarding the necessity or availability of services may

properly be rejected as untimely or disingenuous. Id.

 On appeal, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

terminating her parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2) because she

"had consistent, appropriate visitation with the children during which she

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displayed a good transfer of learning …." Mother's Brief at 20-21. Further,

Mother asserts that she maintained telephone contact with Maternal Aunt

and successfully completed the Nurturing Parent Program in September of

2016. Id. at 21. Finally, Mother argues that she attempted to remedy

CYS's concerns by reading the book, "What to Expect When You're

Expecting," which addressed the effects of using drugs while pregnant. Id.

 The trial court found that Mother's conduct warranted termination

under Section 2511(a)(2) and stated as follows:

 [M]other has had 10 different residences during Agency
 involvement. In addition, she has only been gainfully employed
 for a brief period of time and she left that employment because
 "she just had issues at that place and dealings with employees
 and drama and some other things[.]" … [M]other had the
 opportunity to attend 69 visits during the course of this case but
 only attended 15. [M]other has had difficulty following
 directions regarding the needs of the [C]hildren and during the
 few visits she had, she inappropriately gave them cheese when
 [the Children] were allergic to cheese, (she had been previously
 informed of this fact) and also insisted on changing the
 [C]hildren when advised they did not need their diapers
 changed. [M]other has failed to comply with her mental health
 treatment. She continues to refuse to take her medication as
 prescribed. … [Mother] has had 2 involuntary psychiatric
 commitments since [A.E.W.B., Jr.] was born. In addition to her
 psychiatric commitments she has been incarcerated on at least 2
 occasions, the most recent being November 19, 2016.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/8/17, at 7-8.

 Our review of the record supports the trial court's decision. CYS

removed the Children from Mother's care based upon concerns regarding

Mother's untreated mental health issues, drug use, and lack of stable

housing. N.T., 2/8/17, at 46, 55. We agree with the trial court that these

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deficiencies rendered Mother incapable of parenting the Children at the time

of their removal. Arvel Brown, the caseworker associated with Mother's

case, testified that Mother has lived at ten residences since CYS became

involved, id. at 49, and that Mother has failed to provide Mr. Brown with a

valid lease. Id. at 51.

 Further, Mr. Brown testified that Mother was not compliant with her

objective to visit the Children. Notably, Mother had the opportunity to

attend sixty-nine visits with the Children. N.T., 2/8/17, at 52. Mother,

however, attended only fifteen visits, the majority of those visits occurring

between May and September of 2016. Id. at 69. Although Mother

demonstrated an ability to perform basic parenting skills, Mr. Brown testified

that:

 [Mother] struggle[d] as far as following all of the directives. She
 ha[d] a habit of wanting to change the children as soon as they
 come in despite the aunt saying they don't need to be changed.
 The children are both allergic to dairy and the last visit [Mother]
 ended up giving the children cheese and they ended up having a
 rash despite the aunt telling her prior to the visit not to give it to
 them.

Id. at 53. Mother never progressed past supervised visitation, and in fact,

Mother's inconsistency in attending visits with the Children resulted in CYS

reducing her visits from two to one each week. Id. at 52. Mother also failed

to attend any medical appointments for the Children. Id. at 42.

 Furthermore, Mother was inconsistent in taking her medication and

reported discontinuing her medication in favor of ingesting marijuana. N.T.,

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2/8/17, at 54-55. Finally, Mother failed to comply with her objective to

obtain employment. During a permanency hearing on November 19, 2015,

Mother reported that she was on medical leave from work. Id. at 50. Later,

in June of 2016, Mother reported that she was unemployed. Id. Mother's

unemployment and her refusal to comply with the Domestic Relations order

requiring her to search for a job resulted in her incarceration from November

to December of 2016. Id. at 57.

 Based on the foregoing, we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial

court in terminating Mother's parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2).

Mother's repeated and continued incapacity, neglect, or refusal to perform

her parental duties has caused the Children to be without essential parental

care, control or subsistence necessary for their physical and mental well-

being. Mother's failure to meet her objectives supports the trial court's

conclusion that Mother refuses to remedy the conditions that led to the

Children's placement.

 Having determined that Mother's parental rights were properly

terminated under Section 2511(a)(2), we engage in the second part of the

analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b) in which we determine if termination

serves the best interests of the Children. In re L.M., 923 A.2d at 511.

Instantly, Mother has not presented a specific challenge to the termination

of her parental rights under Section 2511(b); however, we decline to find

waiver and shall address the trial court's findings. See In re C.L.G., 956

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A.2d 999, 1010 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (addressing Section 2511(b)

despite the mother's failure to challenge the trial court's determination under

that subsection).

 We have explained that the focus in terminating parental rights under

Section 2511(a) is on the parent, but under Section 2511(b), the focus is on

the child. In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d at 1008. In reviewing the

evidence in support of termination under Section 2511(b), our Supreme

Court stated as follows:

 [I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are
 met, a court "shall give primary consideration to the
 developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
 child." 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of
 the child have been properly interpreted to include "[i]ntangibles
 such as love, comfort, security, and stability." In re K.M., 53
 A.3d 781, 791 (Pa. Super. 2012). In In re E.M., [620 A.2d 481,
 485 (Pa. 1993)], this Court held that the determination of the
 child's "needs and welfare" requires consideration of the
 emotional bonds between the parent and child. The "utmost
 attention" should be paid to discerning the effect on the child of
 permanently severing the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at
 791.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267.

 When evaluating a parental bond, "the court is not required to use

expert testimony. Social workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as

well. Additionally, Section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding

evaluation." In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal

citations omitted). While a bonding evaluation may be conducted and made

part of the certified record, "[t]here are some instances ... where direct

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observation of the interaction between the parent and the child is not

necessary and may even be detrimental to the child." In re K.Z.S., 946

A.2d 753, 762 (Pa. Super. 2008).

 The trial court made the following determinations relative to the bond,

or lack thereof, between Mother and the Children, and the best needs of the

Children:

 The Agency called Dr. Casey Shinevold, Ph.D., to testify.
 Dr. Shinevold conducted a bonding assessment regarding the
 children and [M]other. Dr. Shinevold opin[ed] that "there was
 not a healthy attachment or strong attachment between
 [M]other and [the C]hildren in this case and that the severance
 of that attachment would not likely have a direct impact on the
 long term health and development of the [C]hildren." Transcript
 February 8, 2017, Page 13. Dr. Shinevold indicated there were 2
 reasons that he came to this conclusion. Initially the age at
 which the [C]hildren were removed from the home and secondly
 the mental health issues of [M]other.

 [F.E.V.] was removed from [M]other when he was 2 days
 old. [A.E.W.B., Jr.,] was removed first when he was 3 months
 old and then again at 6 months old. Dr. Shinevold's opinion was
 that at that age and the length of time the [C]hildren have been
 out of the home there was not a good opportunity for a bond to
 be created and nurtured.

 [M]other's long history of mental health issues, suicide
 attempts and lack of follow through on treatment and medication
 "is one of the major red flags in terms of the ability to form and
 maintain healthy attachments", Transcript February 8, 2017,
 Page 14-15. In addition, Dr. Shinevold indicated that [A.E.W.B.,
 Jr.,] would require a really high level of care given his physical
 condition. Dr. Shinevold's conclusion was there was not a
 significant or strong enough bond between the [C]hildren and
 [M]other that there was a likelihood of any detrimental effects
 should they be removed from [M]other.

 Dr. Shinevold also addressed the fact that with children as
 young as [A.E.W.B., Jr.,] and [F.E.V.], the fact that [M]other had

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 weekly visitation for 3 or 4 hours was not really enough to create
 a bond. Based on the testimony, [M]other only exercised 15 of
 69 visits throughout the course of this case. Dr. Shinevold went
 on to indicate that it is not merely time spent with the child but
 there is a need to have "a parent who is willing, consistent and
 able to then attune to the needs of a child and meet them such
 that a bond is created.["] Clearly, in this case, [M]other has
 consistently demonstrated her inability or unwillingness to meet
 her own needs let alone the needs of the [C]hildren.

 Based on Dr. Shinevold's testimony, the [C]hildren would
 not be harmed by severing the parental bond with [M]other. The
 inquiry, however, does not simply end with whether the
 [C]hildren would be harmed by terminating the bond but
 whether the best interests of the [C]hildren would be served by
 terminating the bond.

 The [C]hildren have been placed with the maternal aunt.
 The maternal aunt has provided significant care for both
 children. [A.E.W.B., Jr.,] had unique and significant medical
 needs which the resource parents have been attentive to and
 provided for to such a degree that [A.E.W.B., Jr.,] is improving
 substantially. It is clear from the care that the [C]hildren have
 received since their placement in their current home maintaining
 that relationship serves their best needs and welfare.

 In addition, the kinship placement parents have indicated a
 willingness to adopt both children. Since the potential adoptive
 parents are related to the [C]hildren by blood, the potential
 traumatic effect on the [C]hildren of being severed from their
 biological roots is minimized in this situation. Being adopted by
 blood relatives will continue the [C]hildren's connection with
 their biological family for the rest of their lives.

 Clearly, the termination of [M]other's parental rights would
 serve the needs and welfare of the [C]hildren. The [C]hildren will
 be adopted by family members and the bond, and the severance
 of the bond (if one exists) with [M]other will not have an adverse
 effect on the [C]hildren.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/8/17, at 12-14.

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 After a careful review of the record in this matter, it is our

determination that the record supports the trial court's factual findings, and

the trial court's conclusions are not the result of an error of law or an abuse

of discretion with regard to Section 2511(b). Accordingly, it was proper for

the trial court to conclude that there was no bond such that the Children

would suffer permanent emotional harm if Mother's parental rights are

terminated, and that termination served the best needs of the Children.

 For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that Mother is entitled to

no relief. Therefore, we will not disturb the trial court's determination, and

we affirm the orders involuntarily terminating Mother's parental rights to the

Children.

 Orders affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/20/2017

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