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2022 IL App (2d) 191099-U
 No. 2-19-1099
 Order filed July 28, 2022

 NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
 except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

 IN THE

 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

 SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

In re MARRIAGE OF WILLIAM GEORGE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
CONOPEOTIS, ) of Lake County.
 )
 Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, )
 )
and ) No. 17-D-289
 )
LYDIA ANN CONOPEOTIS, )
 )
 Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee ) Honorable
 ) Janelle K. Christensen,
(John N. Rodis, Third-Party Respondent). ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

 JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court.
 Justices Schostok and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

 ORDER

¶1 Held: (1) Trial court's credibility determination with respect to petitioner was not against
 the manifest weight of the evidence; (2) based on the rule of acquiescence or invited
 error, respondent was estopped from complaining about the trial court's reliance on
 computer software program calculations in setting petitioner's child-support and
 maintenance obligations; (3) trial court properly determined petitioner's net income
 for purposes of establishing his support obligations based on tax law in effect at the
 time the calculation was made; (4) trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding
 not to deviate upwards from the statutory support guidelines; (5) it was not
 improper for trial court to average petitioner's gross income over period of three
 years as the basis for establishing his support obligations; (6) trial court's
 mathematical errors in determining petitioner's gross income and inclusion of
 income not belonging to him required remand for recalculation; (7) trial court
 2022 IL App (2d) 191099-U

 imputed the proper level of income to respondent; (8) trial court erred in allocating
 100% of the cost of maintaining medical insurance for the parties' children to
 petitioner; (9) trial court did not err in declining to award either party contribution
 to his or her attorney fees from the other party; and (10) cause would be remanded
 to trial court to recalculate petitioner's average gross income for 2014 through
 2016, recalculate petitioner's net income and support obligations based on the
 corrected number, and allocate the cost of maintaining medical insurance for the
 children between the parties in proportion to their respective net incomes.

¶2 Respondent, Lydia Ann Conopeotis, appeals from an order of the circuit court of Lake

County dissolving her marriage to petitioner, William George Conopeotis. Petitioner has cross-

appealed from the same judgment. Respondent argues that the trial court erred in (1) determining

maintenance and child support and (2) denying her request for contribution to her attorney fees

and costs from petitioner. Petitioner challenges the trial court's finding that he lacked credibility

and its calculation of his income for purposes of setting maintenance and child support.

Additionally, petitioner argues that the trial court erred by imputing insufficient income to

respondent, failing to allocate the cost of maintaining medical insurance for the parties' children

in proportion to the parties' respective net incomes, and denying his request for contribution to his

legal fees from respondent. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand for further proceedings.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 The case at bar involved substantial pretrial litigation, culminating in a contentious trial

that lasted 12 days. The record itself contains in excess of 11,000 pages. To place the issues raised

in context, we initially provide a summary of the facts leading to this appeal. We provide a more

detailed discussion of the facts necessary to resolve the issues presented as those issues are

addressed in the course of this disposition.

¶5 The parties were married on September 17, 1994. Twin daughters were born to the parties

on August 6, 2005. On December 22, 2016, respondent filed in the circuit court of Cook County a

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petition for dissolution of marriage and a motion for waiver of venue. On February 17, 2017,

petitioner filed a petition for dissolution of marriage in the circuit court of Lake County. On

February 23, 2017, petitioner filed a motion to transfer respondent's petition for dissolution from

Cook County to a proper venue. After a contested hearing, respondent's motion for waiver of

venue was denied, petitioner's motion to transfer to a proper venue was granted, and the case was

transferred to Lake County. Thereafter, respondent filed a counterpetition for dissolution of

marriage in the circuit court of Lake County. On October 6, 2017, the trial court entered an

"Allocation Judgment Allocation of Parenting Responsibilities and Parenting Plan" and appointed

a parenting coordinator.

¶6 Prior to trial, John Rodis, respondent's father, was added as a third-party respondent in the

case relative to his claimed interest in the parties' real estate. Rodis was represented by the same

law firm that represented respondent at trial. The trial of the underlying dissolution of marriage

action began on January 22, 2019, and continued over 11 additional dates through March 29, 2019.

Four witnesses testified at the trial—petitioner, respondent, Mark Argianas (the accountant for

petitioner and his business), and Maria Beecroft (the bookkeeper for petitioner's business). The

following relevant evidence was presented at trial.

¶7 When the trial commenced, petitioner was 59 years of age and respondent was 48 years of

age. Both parties were in good health. Petitioner was self-employed as the president of ConopCo

Realty & Development, Inc. (ConopCo). Respondent was not employed outside the home.

¶8 Petitioner testified that he was educated at the Milwaukee School of Engineering. In

December 1999, petitioner founded ConopCo. ConopCo provides project management services

for business clients who are developing new office spaces. ConopCo hires and supervises the

architects, engineers, and general contractors, and receives a fixed fee based on the square footage

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of the project space. ConopCo also has contracts for property management and development

consulting services with Sears, Roebuck & Co., and the Prairie Stone Business Park Property

Owners Association. The property management services are provided through a separate entity,

Pratum Partners, LLC (Pratum). Petitioner testified that, through his ownership interests in entities

known as Prairie Stone Partners, LLC, and ConopCo@Prairie Stone, he has an indirect, 10-11%

interest in Pratum. At one time, Pratum owned two office buildings. Pratum sold one of the

buildings, and petitioner received a one-time return of equity in the form of capital gain and

recapture income. The one remaining asset of Pratum is a 30,000 square-foot, fully-leased, single-

story office building known as Prairie Stone Commons.

¶9 As president of ConopCo, petitioner testified that he is "100% in charge of all the finances

*** and budgets and tax returns." Petitioner further testified that he leads the company, supervises

all client relationships, manages the finances, hires the company's employees, and runs all

company projects. At the time of the trial, ConopCo had five employees: (1) Aris Hantgos

(property manager); (2) Ethan Frank (assistant property manager); (3) Liz McCleary (assistant to

petitioner); (4) Melissa Fischer (marketing manager), and Beecroft. All of the employees worked

full-time except for Beecroft, who worked part-time because of an illness. In 2017 and 2018,

Theodora Franck, petitioner's sister, also worked for ConopCo. Petitioner testified regarding the

salaries of some of the employees and stated that he pays his employees bonuses every year, "in

good years and bad years."

¶ 10 ConopCo is a subchapter S corporation. All gross revenues are deposited into an operating

account. Pratum's revenues also flow to ConopCo. Petitioner receives W-2 wages and

"distribution" income or loss from ConopCo that is reported on his individual federal and state

income tax returns.

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¶ 11 Respondent testified that she met petitioner when she was 20 years of age. At the time,

respondent was in her third year of a five-year architecture program at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Due to an illness, respondent was unable to complete her degree. At the time of the marriage,

respondent was running a corporate gift and wedding/event planning company she founded called

"Never Before Baskets." The most she made from the business was in 2004, when she earned

between $35,000 and $45,000. Although respondent has kept Never Before Baskets incorporated

in good standing over the years and had earned "a couple hundred dollars" from the business as

recently as three months before her trial testimony, her primary occupation during the marriage

was as a homemaker and the principal caretaker of the children.

¶ 12 During the marriage, respondent also helped petitioner with marketing for ConopCo. In

this role, respondent designed project announcement cards, the company brochure, and Christmas

cards. She also maintained the client email list and mailed marketing materials to clients. Some of

the parties' tax returns include a W-2 form issued to respondent by ConopCo. Respondent testified,

however, that petitioner never told her that she was an "employee" of ConopCo and he never

provided her with a paycheck or access to her "wages." Respondent voluntarily stopped providing

services to ConopCo when the divorce proceedings began. Petitioner then hired Fischer to perform

the tasks previously done by respondent.

¶ 13 Prior to trial, petitioner filed a petition to compel respondent to search for employment and

maintain a job diary. The court ordered respondent to seek employment and make a minimum of

two job inquiries per week. The court also ordered respondent to submit her job diaries on the first

day of each month, commencing November 1, 2017. Respondent submitted job-search logs for the

months of November 2017, December 2017, January 2018, and February 2018.

¶ 14 Petitioner testified that, based on his extensive experience in project management as well

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as hiring and managing ConopCo's employees, and based on petitioner's skills and the duties she

performed while working at ConopCo and his experience in hiring employees for similar positions

with comparable skills, petitioner could earn between $75,000 and $150,000 per year working full-

time. Respondent's counsel objected to petitioner's testimony, but the trial court overruled the

objection, stating that petitioner "does hire people for these positions. He's testified to the

employees that he's hired to fill the positions and what he's paying them. So I'm going to overrule

the objection."

¶ 15 The evidence admitted at trial, including tax returns prepared on behalf of the parties and

ConopCo, showed the following regarding ConopCo's gross receipts and ordinary business

income (after deductions for expenses) as well as the parties' W-2 wages and total income for the

years 2012 through 2017:

 ConopCo's ConopCo's Petitioner's Respondent's Personal Total
 Gross Ordinary W-2 Box 1 W-2 Box 1 Business Personal
 Receipts Business Wages 1 Wages Income Income
 Income (Loss)
 (Loss)
 2012 $1,056,657 $62,193 $115,856 --- $62,962 $179,306

 2013 $1,274,118 ($55,283) $153,830 --- $338,347 $986,643

 2014 $1,503,625 $336,895 $115,480 $37,400 $199,446 $353,932

 2015 $1,156,158 $85,069 $182,000 $46,800 $110,106 $337,635

 2016 $1,404,597 $141,317 $206,001 $55,000 $103,431 $376,245

 2017 $1,352,745 ($77,152) $206,001 $55,000 ($100,380) $164,982

 1
 W-2 forms for 2012 and 2013 are not included in the record. As such, all wages for these

years are listed under petitioner.

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The parties' personal business income (or loss) includes income from Never Before Baskets in the

following amounts: $1275 in 2012, $3085 in 2013, $2655 in 2014, $2415 in 2015, $3126 in 2016,

and $1534 in 2017.

¶ 16 Petitioner attributed the decline in net income at ConopCo from 2016 to 2017 in part to

increased business expenses and lack of new contracts, which caused petitioner's own income to

decrease as well. Petitioner testified that ConopCo's downturn continued in 2018, as the business

executed only six to eight new contracts. Petitioner testified that ConopCo's cash flow problems

forced him to reduce his W-2 wages several times in 2018, from $100,000 in annualized W-2

wages at the beginning of the year down to $12,000 in annualized wages by the end of the year.

Petitioner also noted that based on the financial condition of the business, ConopCo vacated office

space it had in the Prairie Stone Business Park and opened three "temporary" offices—one in his

home in Lake Forest, one in Hoffman Estates, and one in Chicago.

¶ 17 Argianas testified that he prepared a preliminary tax return for petitioner and respondent

for 2018 based on, inter alia, the ConopCo 2018 ledger, a ConopCo 2018 profit and loss statement,

and petitioner's mortgage statements. Argianas also created a preliminary tax return for ConopCo

and for Prairie Stone Partners. The parties' preliminary tax return reflected that petitioner's wages

for the year totaled $113,587, they had business losses in the amount of $72,024, and their total

income for the year was $41,653. Argianas testified, however, that all of petitioner's personal

expenses that ConopCo paid, totaling approximately $90,212, would be reclassified as additional

taxable income to petitioner on his final personal tax return and excluded as business expenses on

the ConopCo 2018 corporate tax return.

¶ 18 During the marriage, the parties acquired three parcels of real estate, namely: (1) 15561

Lakeshore Road, Union Pier, Michigan (Michigan Property); (2) 1430 Littlefield Court, Lake

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Forest, Illinois (Littlefield Property); and (3) 222 E. Onwentsia Road, Lake Forest, Illinois

(Onwentsia Property). The parties used the Michigan Property as a vacation home. The Littlefield

Property served as the parties' marital residence until they acquired the Onwentsia Property. After

the parties moved into the Onwentsia Property, they rented the Littlefield Property to a third party.

The lease on the Littlefield Property was set to expire on May 31, 2019.

¶ 19 Petitioner testified that the parties paid $2.75 million for the Onwentsia Property and spent

hundreds of thousands of dollars on renovations before moving in. Petitioner testified that the bank

rejected the parties' initial mortgage loan applications for the Onwentsia property three times. The

parties then asked Rodis to co-sign the mortgage loan application. Petitioner testified that Rodis

told him and respondent that he was co-signing the mortgage out of love for them and had "no

intention[] of any ownership interest." At the time the mortgage was secured for the Onwentsia

Property, the mortgages on the Littlefield and Michigan Properties were refinanced. During the

litigation, petitioner discovered that when Rodis co-signed the parties' mortgage loan applications,

the lending bank added Rodis's name to the title of the Onwentsia and Michigan Properties (but

not the Littlefield Property) without respondent's or petitioner's knowledge. According to

petitioner, however, at no time did Rodis contribute any funds for the purchases, mortgages, real

estate taxes, improvements, or any other expenses for the Onwentsia and Michigan Properties.

¶ 20 Throughout the litigation, respondent and the children continued to live in the Onwentsia

Property. Petitioner resided at the Onwentsia Property until March 2018, when he voluntarily

moved out and rented an apartment in Lake Forest. In July 2018, petitioner moved to a different

apartment in Lake Forest located at 415 E. Deerpath Road, where he was living at the time of the

trial. Petitioner also operates a ConopCo office out of the Deerpath residence. Petitioner testified

that he was strapped for cash flow, primarily as a result of paying the Onwentsia mortgage and

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ongoing litigation expenses. To assist him, petitioner's friend, Eric Nixon, began advancing

petitioner's rental payments in July 2018. At the time of trial, petitioner owed Nixon approximately

$60,000 because of his financial assistance.

¶ 21 The Onwentsia Property was listed for sale by court order in November 2017. Respondent

refused to accept the only offer to purchase the property, a cash offer for $2 million in May 2018.

Respondent also refused nearly all of petitioner's subsequent requests to reduce the listing price

and other alternatives to eliminate its operating costs, even though, as of the time of trial, the parties

had received no further offers to purchase the Onwentsia Property. At the time of trial, the

Littlefield Property was also for sale. The Michigan property was sold in September 2018 for

$850,000. The net proceeds of $347,000 were placed in an escrow account held by respondent's

attorney. The parties have received draws from the escrow account for support and attorney fees.

At the time of trial, the balance in the escrow account was approximately $200,000.

¶ 22 Prior to the end of the trial, each party sought contribution to their attorney fees from the

other party pursuant to sections 503(j), 508(a), and 508(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution

of Marriage Act (Act) (750 ILCS 5/503(j), 508(a), 508(b) (West 2018)). The court held a

contribution hearing at which both parties' attorneys testified.

¶ 23 The parties each submitted written closing arguments on May 3, 2019. Respondent filed a

supplement to her trial brief on May 30, 2019, and petitioner filed a response to that supplement

on June 11, 2019. The trial court entered the initial judgment of dissolution of marriage on June

26, 2019. In the initial judgment, the trial court found and ordered in relevant part as follows.

¶ 24 Initially, the trial court found that both parties lacked credibility with respect to portions of

their testimony. Notably, the court concluded that petitioner's testimony regarding the amount of

his annual salary after 2016 was not credible and that both parties lacked an understanding as to

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their actions in protracting and extending the litigation. Further, the court found that respondent

"had her own issues" in defying court orders and in refusing to follow the Allocation Agreement

and the directions of the parenting coordinator. Additionally, the court found that respondent had

not been diligent in seeking employment. The court noted that despite the order requiring

respondent to submit job diaries on the first day of each month, commencing on November 1,

2017, respondent submitted only four job diaries. Moreover, the court found that respondent chose

to apply to places where it was unlikely she would be hired.

¶ 25 The court observed that neither party offered any expert opinion testimony as to the value

of petitioner's business interests. The court rejected respondent's request to value petitioner's

interest in Pratum at $1,064,052 based on that entity's 2017 tax return, reasoning that "a number

on a tax return does not necessarily provide the fair market value" of a closely held entity.

Ultimately, the court assigned 100% of the businesses to petitioner. However, to remedy the issue

of a lack of valuation testimony regarding the businesses, the court decided to allocate a larger

portion of the remaining marital estate to respondent. Accordingly, the court ordered that the

parties' assets be divided with 60% going to respondent and 40% going to petitioner.

¶ 26 Based on evidence presented at trial, the trial court determined that Rodis was merely an

"accommodation signer" without any ownership interest in the Onwentsia or Michigan Properties.

Further, the court noted that both the Onwentsia and Littlefield Properties were for sale. Based on

motion practice, the court found that both properties were "underwater" and that "a deficiency is

more probable than equity." Finding that the parties are incapable of working together to sell the

real estate, the court assigned both properties to petitioner. The court ordered that petitioner was

entitled to keep any equity "should there be any" and that he will be solely responsible for any

deficiency. The court granted respondent up to 60 days from the date of the entry of the order to

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vacate the Onwentsia Property unless the property is sold sooner. Further, based on the parties'

inability to compromise on the division of their personal property, the court, with a few limited

exceptions, ordered the parties to sell these assets with respondent receiving 60% of the proceeds

and petitioner receiving 40% of the proceeds.

¶ 27 The trial court found that respondent was entitled to maintenance and child support.

Although petitioner offered into evidence his 2018 tax return, the court found the document

unreliable based on evidence that the 2018 tax return was prepared for trial on a preliminary basis

with incomplete data. Additionally, the court found credible evidence that petitioner was

manipulating ConopCo's books after 2016 to make it appear that the business was in a "downward

spiral." Notably, although ConopCo's gross receipts remained steady between 2012 and 2018, the

court found that petitioner knowingly inflated his business expenses to artificially decrease his

salary in 2017 and 2018. In support of this latter finding, the trial court cited several actions taken

by petitioner in 2017 and 2018 that the court found inconsistent with petitioner's representation

that ConopCo was operating in a "downward spiral." As such, the court calculated petitioner's

gross and net incomes for purposes of establishing his support obligations by averaging those

amounts as set forth in the parties' joint 2014, 2015, and 2016 federal income tax returns. Further,

the court found credible respondent's testimony that she had no idea that petitioner had

compensated her for the work she performed for ConopCo. Accordingly, the court assigned to

petitioner the full amount of wages listed on the parties' tax returns and determined that petitioner's

average gross income from 2014-2016 was $351,888, and his average net income for the same

period was $302,885. Moreover, considering respondent's three years of college, marketing

experience through working at ConopCo, and a proven ability to earn between $35,000-$45,000

running her own business, the trial court imputed income to respondent in the amount of $40,000

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per year. The court then applied the section 504 maintenance guidelines (750 ILCS 5/504 (West

2018)) and the section 505 child-support guidelines (750 ILCS 5/505 (West 2018)). This resulted

in a "reviewable" maintenance award to respondent of $10,105.92 per month for 22 years and a

child-support award to respondent of $2648 per month. Both awards were based on worksheets

submitted by respondent's attorneys, which were prepared using the Family Law Software

program and attached to the judgment. The court declined respondent's request to deviate upwards

based on the lifestyle of the parties during the marriage. The court also ordered petitioner to

continue to cover the children as dependents on his group medical insurance policy through

ConopCo and required him to pay the premiums incident to that coverage.

¶ 28 Finally, the trial court denied both parties' petition for contribution to their attorney fees

from the other party. The trial court found that the conduct of both parties unnecessarily increased

the cost of the litigation because they "chose a scorched-earth method of litigation," fought over

every aspect of this litigation to the detriment of the marital estate, and lacked insight as to their

personal responsibility in aggravating and extending the litigation.

¶ 29 On July 8, 2019, Grund & Leavitt, the law firm representing both respondent and Rodis,

filed a two-count motion for leave to withdraw and instead sought to file a "limited scope

appearance" on respondent's behalf, relating to a motion for clarification of the judgment of

dissolution. Grund & Leavitt's motion to withdraw was granted on July 12, 2019, and respondent

filed a pro se appearance on July 17, 2019.

¶ 30 Meanwhile, on July 10, 2019, respondent filed a motion to clarify the judgment for

dissolution of marriage. Respondent's motion to clarify did not raise any issue regarding the trial

court's maintenance and child-support determinations or its reliance on the Family Law Software

worksheets submitted by respondent's counsel to calculate those amounts. Rather, among the

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points raised in respondent's motion were that the judgment omitted the day of the month upon

which petitioner was obligated to pay his child-support obligation and neglected to address the

medical, dental, and optical expenses incurred for the parties' children during the case. Respondent

subsequently filed a motion for leave to file a supplement to her motion to clarify judgment for

dissolution of marriage, raising an issue related to the division of one of the parties' bank accounts.

¶ 31 Petitioner filed a motion to reconsider the judgment for dissolution of marriage on July 30,

2019. Among the points raised in petitioner's motion were the following. First, petitioner argued

that in its determination of his income for calculating support, the trial court erred by disregarding

evidence of ConopCo's diminished gross receipts in the years 2017 and 2018, which had reduced

petitioner's income by $100,000. Second, petitioner argued that the trial court erred in imputing

income to respondent of only $40,000, despite petitioner's testimony regarding respondent's

higher earning potential ($75,000 to $150,000 per year) as well as respondent's failure to comply

with the court's order to seek employment. Third, petitioner argued that, in using his average gross

income from the 2014 to 2016 tax returns as a basis for setting income for maintenance and child

support, the trial court erred by relying on the tax amounts and rates paid in those years to calculate

his net income, instead of applying the current tax rates that became effective with the Tax Cuts

and Job Act of 2017 (see Pub. L. No. 115-97 (amending the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1

et seq. (2018)). Fourth, petitioner argued that the trial court erred by making him solely responsible

for the children's medical insurance premiums, rather than allocating the cost between the parties.

Fifth, petitioner argued that the trial court improperly ordered that his maintenance obligation

would be "reviewable" after 22 years, instead of either indefinite or for a fixed term. Finally,

petitioner argued that the trial court erred in finding him not credible.

¶ 32 The trial court heard arguments on the motions to reconsider on August 28, 2019, and

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September 18, 2019. During the first day of the hearing, Laura Presto of Grund & Leavitt appeared

on respondent's behalf. At that time, the trial court stated that its intention was to set guideline

maintenance, but the court recognized there were errors in the calculations in the judgment that

needed to be recalculated and reduced. Presto acknowledged that the Family Law Software was

designed to apply current 2019 tax rates to gross income based on the individualized attributes of

the taxpayer. Presto also admitted that there were mathematical errors in respondent's proposed

calculations of the guideline amounts but denied that respondent had overridden the Family Law

Software calculations. The trial court ordered the parties' lawyers to confer and submit the figures

each party used for the Family Law Software calculations of net income, maintenance, and child

support, in the hope that the parties could at least "agree to the math." Accordingly, in an order

entered on August 28, 2019, the court specifically instructed respondent's counsel to "prepare

Family Law Software backup for her calculations [and] submit to Court [and] counsel by 9/18/19."

With respect to the health insurance issue, the court stated that it was not changing its finding that

petitioner would be solely responsible for the health insurance. In addition, the court stated that it

would stand by its finding regarding petitioner's credibility.

¶ 33 At the follow-up hearing on September 18, 2019, David Grund of Grund & Leavitt argued

on respondent's behalf. Grund acknowledged that the Family Law Software was "apparently the

standard for determining these guidelines in court." Grund then admitted that he "overrode" the

Family Law Software calculations applying the 2019 tax code by directly inputting petitioner's

net income based on the three-year average of federal income taxes he had paid in 2014-2016 and

calculating maintenance and child support on that basis. Grund also, for the first time, challenged

the application of the statutory support guidelines (including a claim that they are unconstitutional)

and the use of the Family Law Software in the case. In response, petitioner's counsel argued that

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it was improper to use the average of actual taxes paid between 2014 and 2016 because the federal

tax code that was in existence those years was no longer in effect.

¶ 34 On October 4, 2019, the trial court entered an order addressing the issue of the calculation

of maintenance and child support. In the order, the trial court reiterated its intention to award

statutory maintenance and child support based on petitioner's average gross income from 2014-

2016 (which the trial court, in correcting its own calculations, determined in a footnote was

$358,980.33) and based on respondent's imputed income of $40,000 per year. The trial court

rejected respondent's argument that the statutory guidelines for child support and maintenance

were unconstitutional, noting that respondent had failed to comply with Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 19 (eff. Sept. 1, 2006) (requiring that a notice of claim of unconstitutionality to be served on

certain parties). Regarding whether to calculate petitioner's net income based on the 2014-2016

tax returns in evidence, or based on the current tax code, the trial court noted that there was no

case law to guide its determination, only the language of the relevant statutes. Noting that section

505 of the Act required the net income for support to be determined using "properly calculated"

federal and state taxes and that this means applying the same tax code used in the standardized net

income table promulgated by Illinois for setting guideline support, the trial court ruled that the

current tax code should be used and "[g]iven the complexity of the tax code, it is not unreasonable

for the parties to utilize the Family Law Software to calculate net income." The trial court therefore

ordered the parties to re-calculate petitioner's net income and guideline support amounts using the

corrected average gross income amount of $358,980.33 within seven days.

¶ 35 On October 22, 2019, petitioner filed a motion to vacate the finding in the footnote of the

October 4, 2019, order. Petitioner argued that the trial court's recalculation of his average net

income from 2014-2016 incorrectly included "other" income from assets that the parties either no

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longer possessed or that had been divided in the divorce with more than half of these assets

awarded to respondent. At the November 5, 2019, hearing on petitioner's motion, the trial court

affirmed that the calculation of his 2014-2016 average gross income was to include income from

all sources. Based on that determination, the trial court again "fix[ed] the math," ruled that the

average of petitioner's gross income for calculating support was $362,981, and entered an order

in accordance with its ruling.

¶ 36 The trial court entered an amended judgment for dissolution of marriage on November 22,

2019. Referencing the November 5, 2019, hearing and the October 4, 2019, order, the trial court

determined that petitioner's gross annual income was $362,981 ($30,248.41 per month), his net

annual income was $249,288, and respondent's imputed gross annual income was $40,000 ($3,333

per month). On that basis, the court calculated statutory guideline maintenance to be $6123.75 per

month for an indefinite term. The trial court also awarded child support in the amount of $1929

per month. The trial court indicated that the maintenance and child-support awards were based on

worksheets submitted by petitioner's attorneys, which were prepared using the Family Law

Software program and reflected its reconsideration of the judgment of dissolution based on the

court's October 4 and November 5, 2019, orders. Further, the trial court ordered that petitioner

would be responsible for 60% and respondent would be responsible for 40% of the children's

uncovered medical and dental expenses and agreed-upon extracurricular activities, and that

petitioner would be responsible for 100% of the children's health insurance premiums. The

amended judgment also reiterated that neither party was entitled to contribution to their attorney

fees from the other party. Finally, the amended judgment denied petitioner's motion to reconsider

with respect to the court's findings regarding petitioner's credibility, the court's rejection of the

2017 and 2018 tax returns to calculate petitioner's income, and the court's calculation of the

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amount of income imputed to respondent. The amended judgment provides that it is final as to all

issues relating to the petition for dissolution of marriage and the cross-petition and that there is no

just reason for delaying either the enforcement or appeal of the amended judgment of dissolution.

¶ 37 This appeal followed. Respondent filed her notice of appeal, once again represented by

Grund & Leavitt, on December 18, 2019. Petitioner filed a pro se notice of cross-appeal on

December 27, 2019. Berger Schatz filed an additional appearance in the appeal on November 4,

2020.

¶ 38 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 39 On appeal, respondent argues that the trial court erred in (1) determining maintenance and

child support and (2) denying her request for contribution to her attorney fees and costs from

petitioner. Petitioner challenges the trial court's finding that he lacked credibility and the court's

calculation of his income for purposes of setting his support obligations. Petitioner further

maintains that the trial court erred by imputing insufficient income to respondent, failing to allocate

the cost of maintaining medical insurance for the parties' children in proportion to the parties'

respective net incomes, and denying his request for contribution to his legal fees from respondent.

We will first address the trial court's credibility finding. We will then address the issues related to

maintenance and child support, respondent's imputed income, the allocation of the cost of medical

insurance, and contribution to the parties' legal fees. Prior to addressing these issues, however, we

must dispose of a motion we ordered taken with the case.

¶ 40 A. Motion Taken with Case

¶ 41 Respondent filed a motion to strike petitioner's "sur-reply brief" for violations of Illinois

Supreme Court Rules 343(b) (effective July 1, 2008) and 341(j) (eff. October 1, 2020). Petitioner

has filed a response to respondent's motion to strike. We ordered the motion taken with the case.

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¶ 42 Rule 343(b)(1) provides in relevant part as follows:

 "(1) Cross-Appeals. A cross-appellant shall file a single brief as appellee and cross-

 appellant at the time his or her brief as appellee is due; the appellant's answer to the

 arguments on the cross-appeal shall be included in appellant's reply brief ***; and the

 cross-appellant may file a reply brief confined strictly to replying to those arguments raised

 on the cross-appeal." Ill. S. Ct. R. 343(b)(1) (eff. July 1, 2008).

Similarly, Rule 341(j) provides that a reply brief "shall be confined strictly to replying to

arguments presented in the brief of the appellee and need contain only Argument." Ill. S. Ct. R.

341(j) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). Respondent argues that petitioner should have labeled his brief as a

"reply brief in support of his cross-appeal" instead of a "sur-reply brief." More significantly,

respondent contends that petitioner's "sur-reply brief" should be stricken because it is not confined

strictly to replying to her answer to the arguments on cross-appeal. Rather, respondent asserts,

several passages of the brief constitute an improper "second supplemental response" to her opening

brief on appeal. Striking an appellate brief, whether in whole or in part, is a harsh sanction and

appropriate only when the violations hinder the court's review. Burrell v. Village of Sauk Village,

2017 IL App (1st) 163392, ¶ 14. Here, petitioner's brief does not hamper our ability to consider

the issues on appeal. Accordingly, we deny respondent's motion to strike petitioner's "sur-reply

brief." Nevertheless, we will disregard any content that violates Rules 343(b) and 341(j).

¶ 43 B. Petitioner's Credibility

¶ 44 We next address petitioner's claim that the record does not support the trial court's finding

that portions of his testimony lacked credibility.

¶ 45 As noted, the trial court addressed both parties' credibility. With respect to petitioner, the

trial court noted that, on several occasions throughout the trial, it had to instruct petitioner "to stop

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arguing with the questioner and to answer the question" posed. The court commented that the

transcript of proceedings "does not capture the belligerent tone or the body language of [petitioner]

during the proceedings." The court noted that when respondent was called to the stand as an

adverse witness in petitioner's case in chief, petitioner "deliberately turned his back on

[respondent], crossed his arms and faced the opposite wall." The court further stated that petitioner

"maintained the same belligerent attitude during cross-examination." The court also cited emails

admitted into the case by way of trial exhibits and motions as "the best evidence of the manner by

which [petitioner] conducted himself during this litigation." The court discussed three of the

admitted emails authored by petitioner to others. The court stated that the emails "show that

[petitioner] can be demanding, demeaning and difficult."

¶ 46 Additionally, the court found credible evidence that petitioner was manipulating

ConopCo's books after 2016 to make it appear that the business was in a "downward spiral."

Notably, although ConopCo's gross receipts remained steady between 2012 and 2018, the court

found that petitioner knowingly inflated his business expenses to artificially decrease his salary in

2017 and 2018. In support of this latter finding, the trial court cited several actions taken by

petitioner in 2017 and 2018 that the court found inconsistent with petitioner's representation that

ConopCo was operating in a "downward spiral." Among the actions cited by the trial court in

support of its finding are the following: (1) petitioner paid a $100,000 capital call before it was

due; (2) petitioner continued to pay his employees "significant" annual bonuses and salaries; (3)

from 2016 to 2017, petitioner increased the wages paid to his employees by $117,110; (4) the

contributions to ConopCo's employees' pension and profit-sharing plans for 2017 exceeded the

average of the preceding three years (2014-2016) by more than $100,000; (5) in 2018, petitioner

continued to pay Beecroft a full salary even though she was not working full time due to an illness;

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(6) in 2017, petitioner paid Beecroft an extra $1000 per month in June, July, September,

November, and December; (7) petitioner bought a Jeep for $5000 and then "sold" it to Beecroft

for $1000; (8) petitioner hosted an "expensive" holiday party for his employees; (9) ConopCo

made generous charitable donations despite its allegedly precarious financial situation; (10)

petitioner paid for a concierge physician for himself at a cost of $6000 per year; (11) petitioner

"hired" his sister to work for ConopCo, paying her $50,000 in 2017, without adequately testifying

what she did, how she was qualified to complete the work, or the hours she worked; (12) petitioner

paid his sister $15,000 for work in the first quarter of 2018, the same amount that his sister tendered

to petitioner's counsel for attorney fees; (13) petitioner represented on an October 2017 loan

application for a vehicle that he earned $39,000 per month (the equivalent of $468,000 annually),

well in excess of the income he reported on either his 2016 or 2017 federal tax returns; (14)

ConopCo's rent expense increased despite the fact that the lease for ConopCo's headquarters

expired in early spring of 2018 and petitioner moved his office space into his home; and (15) in

his proposed judgment, petitioner asked the court to grant him 100% interest in the Onwentsia and

Littlefield Properties with the stated intent to refinance them despite his claim that ConopCo was

in a financial crisis. Ultimately, the court concluded:

 "After listening to [petitioner] testify, and after watching his courtroom demeanor,

 and after reviewing his communications with others, *** [petitioner] has little or no

 acceptance or recognition of his own contributions to the extended and protracted litigation

 in this matter. Additionally, as discussed in the section setting maintenance, the Court finds

 [petitioner's] testimony regarding the amount of his annual salary after 2016 not credible."

¶ 47 Questions of witness credibility are inherently matters for the trial court to resolve. In re

Marriage of Sturm, 2012 IL App (4th) 110559, ¶ 6; see also In re Marriage of Manker, 375 Ill.

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App. 3d 465, 477 (2007) ("The trier of fact is charged with assessing the credibility of testimony

at trial."). Courts of review defer to the trial court on credibility issues because the trial court, by

virtue of its ability to actually observe the conduct and demeanor of a witness, is in the best position

to assess his or her credibility. In re Marriage of Cotton, 103 Ill. 2d 346, 356 (1984); Manker, 375

Ill. App. 3d at 477. We will overturn a trial court's credibility determination only if it is against

the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Marriage of Whitehead, 2018 IL App (5th) 170380,

¶ 21; In re Marriage of Kaplan, 149 Ill. App. 3d 23, 28 (1986). A finding is against the manifest

weight of the evidence only if an opposite conclusion is clearly apparent or if the findings appear

unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence. In re Marriage of Romano, 2012 IL App

(2d) 091339, ¶ 44.

¶ 48 Applying the foregoing standards, we conclude that the trial court's determination of

petitioner's credibility was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The trial court's

credibility determination was based primarily upon its assessment of petitioner's demeanor

throughout the proceedings and inconsistencies between petitioner's actions after 2016 relative to

his claim that ConopCo was operating in a "downward spiral." As noted, because this court did

not personally view petitioner's testimony, we must defer to the trial court's conclusion regarding

petitioner's demeanor. Cotton, 103 Ill. 2d at 356; Kaplan, 149 Ill. App. 3d at 28. In this regard, the

trial court expressly drew attention to the fact that the transcript of proceedings did not capture the

belligerent tone or body language of petitioner during the proceedings. Nothing in the record

establishes that the trial court's conclusion regarding petitioner's demeanor was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. With respect to the trial court's finding of inconsistences between

petitioner's actions after 2016 relative to his claim that ConopCo was operating in a "downward

spiral," there is ample evidence to support this conclusion. Petitioner attributed the alleged

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downfall to additional or unexpected business costs. However, the trial court noted that petitioner's

actions—such as increasing the wages and pension benefits paid to his employees, paying

employees significant annual bonuses, hosting expensive holiday festivities, making significant

charitable donations on ConopCo's behalf, and paying for a concierge physician for himself—

belied his claim that the business was operating in a downward spiral. The court also cited attempts

by petitioner to move money through the business without having it assigned to him as income as

well as statements about his salary on a vehicle loan application. Considering the record presented

to us, we find no basis to conclude that the trial court's determination regarding petitioner's

credibility was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 49 Petitioner acknowledges that the trial court's determination of witness credibility is entitled

to great deference. Nevertheless, he asserts that the trial court's credibility determinations are not

conclusive and do not bind the reviewing court. People v. Gray, 2017 IL 120958, ¶ 35. Petitioner

urges this court to disregard the trial court's finding that he lacked credibility and to "view the

evidence with a less biased view towards [him]." In support, petitioner argues that the examples

the trial court cited as calling his credibility into question are not the kinds of behaviors that reflect

dishonesty. For instance, petitioner asserts that the incident referenced by the trial court—when he

turned his back during respondent's testimony—does not accurately reflect what transpired in

court. Petitioner points out that during a colloquy with the court after the incident, he explained

that he "silently turned away" during respondent's testimony because "he was overcome with

emotion." Petitioner argues that the "[p]resence of emotion does not equal absence of credibility."

However, it was not the fact that petitioner exhibited emotion that the court found to have impacted

his credibility. Rather, it was the rude and disrespectful manner in which he did so. A witness's

demeanor impacts upon his or her credibility. See People v. Carter, 2021 IL App (4th) 180581,

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¶ 70 (noting that in assessing credibility, a trial court evaluates, inter alia, visual cues such as

demeanor and body language and audio cues such as tone); People v. Reed, 80 Ill. App. 3d 771,

781-82 (1980) (noting that a trial court appraises witness credibility through observation of their

demeanor at trial). By virtue of its ability to observe petitioner's conduct and demeanor, the trial

court was in a better position to assess petitioner's credibility than we are. Manker, 375 Ill. App.

3d at 477.

¶ 50 Petitioner also suggests that the trial court treated him differently than it treated respondent

when she was overcome with emotion on the witness stand. Petitioner notes that during

questioning by his attorney regarding respondent's relationship with her father, respondent began

crying. At that time, the court told respondent that there were tissues in front of her. The court also

asked respondent's attorney if he had any water for his client. Based on this record, petitioner

asserts that when he "was overcome with emotion during trial, and quietly turned away so as not

to face [respondent] who was on the stand, he was harshly reprimanded by the judge." Yet, he

continues, when respondent "was overcome with emotion while on the witness stand, she was

treated with solicitous kindness by everyone in the courtroom and her emotional reaction was

never cited as a basis for finding her to be ‘not credible.' " (Emphasis in original.) We reiterate,

however, that it was not the fact that petitioner exhibited emotion that impacted upon his

credibility. Instead, it was the rude and disrespectful manner in which he did so. As such,

petitioner's comparison of these two situations in an attempt to disturb the trial court's credibility

determination is not well taken.

¶ 51 Finally, petitioner argues that while he may come off as "rude or pushy" in the email

communications cited by the trial court, "there is no indication that any of the statements he made

were untrue or tended to undermine [his] veracity." Respondent overlooks the reason the trial court

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cited the email communications. The trial court did not cite the email communications for their

content, but rather as a reflection of petitioner's demeanor while testifying at trial. Thus, we find

no error.

¶ 52 In closing, we further observe that even if we were to agree with one or more of petitioner's

arguments, they would not compel a finding that the court's ultimate credibility determination was

erroneous. The trial court had the opportunity to view petitioner's live testimony and weigh that

testimony. Considering the record below and the trial court's findings, we find no basis in the

record to conclude that the trial court's credibility determination was against the manifest weight

of the evidence.

¶ 53 C. Support Obligations

¶ 54 Next, we address the parties' arguments related to the trial court's determination of child

support and maintenance.

¶ 55 At the outset, we note that awards of maintenance and child support are presumed to be

correct. In re Marriage of Lugge, 2020 IL App (5th) 190046, ¶ 15; In re Marriage of Brill, 2017

IL App (2d) 160604, ¶ 26. Generally, we review maintenance and child-support awards for an

abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152, 173 (2005) (maintenance); In re

Marriage of Moorthy, 2015 IL App (1st) 132077, ¶ 41 (child support). An abuse of discretion

occurs when a trial court's finding is arbitrary or fanciful or where no reasonable person would

agree with the trial court's decision. Brill, 2017 IL App (2d) 160604, ¶ 26. However, when a party

challenges a trial court's factual findings regarding a support obligation, we will not reverse those

findings unless they were against the manifest weight of the evidence. Brill, 2017 IL App (2d)

160604, ¶ 30 (maintenance); Moorthy, 2015 IL App (1st) 132077, ¶ 41 (child support). A finding

of fact is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite conclusion is clearly

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apparent or where the finding is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence. Romano,

2012 IL App (2d) 091339, ¶ 44. To the extent the issues presented involve an issue of statutory

construction, our review is de novo. In re Marriage of Carstens, 2018 IL App (2d) 170183, ¶ 28.

With these principles in mind, we address the parties' claims, beginning with those of respondent.

¶ 56 1. Respondent's Arguments

¶ 57 Respondent argues that the trial court erred in determining the maintenance and child-

support awards. Respondent advances various subarguments in support of this assignment of error,

which we address in the following order. First, respondent argues that the trial court improperly

relied on Family Law Software calculations to set petitioner's net income and his support

obligations. Second, respondent argues that the trial court "misconstrued" a provision of the Act

(750 ILCS 5/101 et seq. (West 2016)) in calculating petitioner's support obligations. Third,

respondent contends that the trial court should have deviated upwards from the statutory support

guidelines and its failure to do so constituted an abuse of discretion.

¶ 58 Petitioner responds that the reasons cited by respondent in support of her claim that the

trial court erred in determining the maintenance and child-support awards are not well founded.

Petitioner contends that respondent is estopped from complaining about the trial court's use of the

Family Law Software. Petitioner also maintains that the trial court properly applied the relevant

provisions of the Act in calculating his support obligations. Finally, petitioner asserts that the trial

court properly declined to deviate from the statutory support guidelines.

¶ 59 a. Family Law Software

¶ 60 Respondent argues that the trial court's reliance on Family Law Software to determine

petitioner's tax liability and net income resulted in maintenance and child-support calculations that

were incorrect. According to respondent, the trial court's reliance on the Family Law Software

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calculations was improper because the calculations were "computer-generated evidence" and

petitioner failed to call a "qualified expert witness" to lay a proper foundation for the introduction

of the Family Law Software calculations. In support of her position, respondent relies on People

v. Mormon, 97 Ill. App. 3d 556 (1981), which sets forth foundational requirements for computer-

generated records.

¶ 61 Citing the rule of acquiescence or invited error, petitioner replies that respondent is

estopped from complaining about the trial court's use of the Family Law Software because (1)

respondent submitted to the court calculations using the Family Law Software and (2) the first

time respondent challenged the trial court's use of the Family Law Software was during oral

argument on September 18, 2019, after the parties had filed their motions to reconsider and their

responses.

¶ 62 The rule of acquiescence or invited error is a form of procedural default sometimes also

described as estoppel. In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217 (2004). The rule prohibits a

party from requesting to proceed in one manner and then arguing on appeal that the requested

action was error. Pellico v. Mork, 2018 IL App (2d) 170468, ¶ 20; In re Marriage of Reidy, 2018

IL App (1st) 170054, ¶ 29. The rationale for the rule is that it would be manifestly unfair to grant

a party relief based on an error that the party introduced into the proceedings. Gaffney v. Board of

Trustees of the Orland Fire Protection District, 2012 IL 110012, ¶ 33. Even if we were to assume

that it was error for the trial court to rely on the Family Law Software calculations, we agree with

petitioner that respondent is estopped from complaining about the alleged error pursuant to the

rule of acquiescence or invited error.

¶ 63 As petitioner correctly notes, respondent submitted income and support obligation

calculations to the court using the Family Law Software. In this regard, the record establishes that

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respondent's "Trial Brief and Closing Argument," filed May 3, 2019, includes an "Illinois Child

Support Guideline Calculation" that was prepared by respondent's counsel using the Family Law

Software and contains income and child-support calculations. Moreover, in the original judgment

of dissolution, the trial court attached two documents as exhibits—an "Illinois Maintenance

Worksheet" and an "Illinois Child Support Guideline Calculation." Both of these attachments were

prepared by respondent's counsel using the Family Law Software and include income and support

obligation calculations.

¶ 64 We further observe that when respondent filed her motion to clarify the judgment of

dissolution on July 10, 2019, she sought clarification regarding aspects of the judgment with

respect to the issue of child support. However, she made no mention of the trial court's reliance

on the Family Law Software calculations. Subsequently, on August 21, 2019, when respondent

filed her response to petitioner's motion to reconsider the judgment of dissolution of marriage, she

once again submitted several pages of Family Law Software calculations. And, nothing in her

response suggests that it was improper for the trial court to rely on the Family Law Software

calculations in the original judgment of dissolution.

¶ 65 The court held a hearing on the parties' post-judgment motions on August 28, 2019. At

that hearing, Presto, who appeared on respondent's behalf, did not challenge the trial court's

reliance on the Family Law Software calculations. To the contrary, she acknowledged that she

used the Family Law Software to calculate petitioner's income and support obligations. She

represented that the Software uses "the current taxes" and calculates "the proper 2019 taxes."

Further, Presto relied on the Family Law Software calculations submitted with her response to

petitioner's post-judgment motion. At a follow-up hearing on September 18, 2019, Grund argued

on respondent's behalf that the maintenance guidelines were "unconstitutional," "speculative," and

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"an abomination." He also remarked that "[n]obody has put the software people on the stand and

asked them how they calculate tax." Despite these protestations, Grund acknowledged that he used

the Family Law Software to determine child support, "[b]ut not [for] maintenance" because the

Family Law Software "doesn't work in connection with the *** formula for maintenance."

Nevertheless, he then referenced an "Illinois Maintenance Worksheet" prepared by Presto using

the Family Law Software.

¶ 66 As the foregoing establishes, respondent repeatedly utilized the Family Law Software in

her filings and arguments in this case. She submitted Family Law Software calculations with her

original closing argument, she never contested that Family Law Software calculations were

inappropriate in her post-judgment motion, and she submitted her own Family Law Software

calculations in response to petitioner's post-judgment motion. Under these circumstances, even if

we were to assume that it was error for the trial court to rely on the Family Law Software

calculations, respondent is estopped from complaining about it pursuant to the rule of acquiescence

or invited error. In re Marriage of Britton, 2022 IL App (5th) 210065, ¶ 48.

¶ 67 In her reply brief, respondent insists that any claim that her argument is barred under the

rule of acquiescence or invited error is a "red herring." Respondent concedes that she used the

Family Law Software, but claims that at the time the parties submitted their respective written

arguments and proposed dissolution judgments, "there was no dispute regarding whether the use

of the Illinois Family Law Software program was the appropriate methodology for calculating

maintenance and child support in the instant case." Respondent claims that this issue "did not arise

until much later in the proceedings." Specifically, respondent states that the issue of the

appropriateness of using the Family Law Software first arose during the September 18, 2019,

hearing after petitioner, in his reconsideration motion, "attacked the trial court's methodology for

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reaching its maintenance and child-support amounts in the Judgment." We find respondent's

argument disingenuous. In his motion for reconsideration, petitioner expressly argued that the trial

court erred in determining his net income for support purpose and in setting the amount of

maintenance and child support. Petitioner provided a detailed and comprehensive analysis

supported by Family Law Software calculations. Nevertheless, when respondent filed her response

to petitioner's motion for reconsideration, she did not argue that it was improper for the trial court

to rely on the Family Law Software calculations in the original judgment of dissolution. To the

contrary, she once again submitted several pages of Family Law Software calculations. Given

these circumstances, respondent's argument that the propriety of using the Family Law Software

first arose during the September 18, 2019, hearing is not well taken.

¶ 68 b. Calculation of Petitioner's Net Income

¶ 69 Next, respondent contends the trial court "misconstrued" the Act in determining

petitioner's net income for purposes of calculating his support obligations. To place this argument

in context, it is helpful to set forth the relevant statutory provisions.

¶ 70 Awards of child support are governed by section 505 of the Act (750 ILCS 5/505 (West

2018)). That section provides that the court may order either or both parents owing a duty of

support to pay an amount that is "reasonable and necessary" for support. 750 ILCS 5/505(a) (West

2018). In calculating an award of child support, the court must first determine each party's gross

and net incomes. Subject to exceptions not applicable here, the child-support statute defines "gross

income" as "the total of all income from all sources." 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(A) (West 2018). In

turn, "net income" is defined in pertinent part as "gross income minus either the standardized tax

amount calculated pursuant to subparagraph (C) of this paragraph (3) or the individualized tax

amount calculated pursuant to subparagraph (D) of this paragraph (3)." 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(B)

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(West 2018).

¶ 71 The term "standardized tax amount" means "the total of federal and state income taxes for

a single person claiming the standard tax deduction, one personal exemption, and the applicable

number of dependency exemptions for the minor child or children of the parties, and Social

Security and Medicare tax calculated at the Federal Insurance Contributions Act rate." 750 ILCS

5/505(3)(C) (West 2018). The standardized tax amount method uses a schedule published by the

Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services showing the net income that corresponds

to a given amount of gross income. 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1), (a)(3)(C)(II) (West 2018); see 2019

Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and Standardized Net Income Table,

March 11, 2019. The term "individualized tax amount" is defined as the aggregate of "federal

income tax (properly calculated withholding or estimated payments)," "[s]tate income tax

(properly calculated withholding or estimated payments)," and "Social Security or self-

employment tax, if applicable (or, if none, mandatory retirement contributions required by law or

as a condition of employment) and Medicare tax calculated at the Federal Insurance Contributions

Act rate." 750 ILCS 5/505(3)(D) (West 2018).

¶ 72 In calculating "net income," the child-support statute requires the use of the "standardized

tax amount *** unless the requirements for an individualized tax amount set forth in subparagraph

(E) of this paragraph (3) are met." 750 ILCS 5/505(3)(B) (West 2018). Section 505(3)(E) of the

Act provides as follows

 "(E) In lieu of a standardized tax amount, a determination of an individualized tax

 amount may be made under items (I), (II), or (III) below. If an individualized tax amount

 determination is made under this subparagraph (E), all relevant tax attributes (including

 filing status, allocation of dependency exemptions, and whether a party is to claim the use

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 of the standard deduction or itemized deductions for federal income tax purposes) shall be

 as the parties agree or as the court determines. To determine a party's reported income, the

 court may order the party to complete an Internal Revenue Service Form 4506-T, Request

 for Tax Transcript.

 (I) Agreement. Irrespective of whether the parties agree on any other issue

 before the court, if they jointly stipulate for the record their concurrence on

 a computation method for the individualized tax amount that is different

 from the method set forth under subparagraph (D), the stipulated method

 shall be used by the court unless the court rejects the proposed stipulated

 method for good cause.

 (II) Summary hearing. If the court determines child support in a summary

 hearing under Section 501 and an eligible party opts in to the individualized

 tax amount method under this item (II), the individualized tax amount shall

 be determined by the court on the basis of information contained in one or

 both parties' Supreme Court approved Financial Affidavit (Family &

 Divorce Cases) and relevant supporting documents under applicable court

 rules. No party, however, is eligible to opt in unless the party, under

 applicable court rules, has served the other party with the required Supreme

 Court approved Financial Affidavit (Family & Divorce Cases) and has

 substantially produced supporting documents required by the applicable

 court rules.

 (III) Evidentiary hearing. If the court determines child support in an evidentiary

 hearing, whether for purposes of a temporary order or at the conclusion of

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 a proceeding, item (II) of this subparagraph (E) does not apply. In each such

 case (unless item (I) governs), the individualized tax amount shall be as

 determined by the court on the basis of the record established." 750 ILCS

 5/505(3)(E) (West 2018).

¶ 73 An award of maintenance in a dissolution proceeding is governed by section 504 of the Act

(750 ILCS 5/504 (West 2018)). That statute provides that a trial court "may grant a maintenance

award for either spouse in amounts and for periods of time as the court deems just." 750 ILCS

5/504(a) (West 2018). If the trial court determines that maintenance is appropriate, it must

determine the amount of the award. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1) (West 2018); In re Marriage of

Hamilton, 2019 IL App (5th) 170295, ¶ 108. Generally, if the parties' combined "gross annual

income" is less than $500,000, maintenance is calculated by using a guideline formula set forth in

the Act. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018). Under the guideline formula, the amount of

maintenance is calculated by taking 33-1/3% of the payor's "net annual income" and subtracting

25% of the payee's "net annual income." 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018). For purposes

of the maintenance statute, the terms "gross income" and "net income" have the same definitions

as the legislature ascribed to them in the child-support statute "except maintenance payments in

the pending proceedings shall not be included." 750 ILCS 5/504(b-3), (b-3.5) (West 2018).

¶ 74 Returning to respondent's argument, we observe that the trial court in this case calculated

petitioner's net income using the individualized tax amount approach. Respondent argues that

under this method, the trial court was obligated, pursuant to the plain language of section

505(a)(3)(E)(III) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/101 et seq. (West 2018)), to determine petitioner's

"individualized tax amount," and in turn his support obligations, "on the basis of the record

established." Respondent observes that the trial court calculated petitioner's gross income by

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averaging the total income set forth on the parties' 2014, 2015, and 2016 tax returns. Because the

parties' tax returns for 2014 through 2016 were admitted into evidence, respondent asserts that the

trial court should have calculated petitioner's "individualized tax amount," and, in turn his net

income, by averaging the actual taxes paid in 2014, 2015, and 2016, as reflected on the parties'

tax returns, and subtracted this amount from petitioner's average gross income during the same

three-year period. According to respondent, however, instead of correctly construing section

505(a)(3)(E)(III) in accordance with its plain language, the trial court disregarded the record

established and calculated petitioner's taxes as well as his net income at the time of trial using the

Family Law Software.

¶ 75 Petitioner responds that the trial court properly determined his net income for purposes of

establishing his support obligations. According to petitioner, respondent's position ignores the

plain language of the Act (750 ILCS 5/504, 505 (West 2018)). Notably, petitioner argues that,

when using the "individualized tax amount" approach to calculate net income, the Act requires the

court to use federal and state income tax that has been "properly calculated." 750 ILCS

5/505(a)(3)(D)(I), (II) (West 2018); see also 750 ILCS 5/504(b-3.5) (West 2018). Thus, petitioner

reasons, regardless of how the trial court determined his gross income, his net income must be

calculated based on the tax laws in effect in 2019. Petitioner observes that the federal tax law in

effect in 2019 was the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017" (TCJA), which was signed into law on

December 21, 2017, as Public Law No. 115-97 (Pub. L. No. 115-97) (amending the Internal

Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (2018)). Petitioner notes that the TCJA changed the tax rates

for individuals, limited certain itemized deductions, and eliminated the deductibility of

maintenances payments beginning in 2018.

¶ 76 The issue presented is one of statutory construction. The primary objective of statutory

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construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. State Bank of Cherry v.

CGB Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. The most reliable indicator of legislative intent is

the language of the statute itself, given its plain and ordinary meaning. State Bank of Cherry, 2013

IL 113836, ¶ 56. If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied as written,

without resorting to further aids of statutory construction. State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836,

¶ 56. We must view the enactment as a whole and interpret it in light of all relevant provisions.

People v. Leib, 2022 IL 126645, ¶ 28; Village of Downers Grove v. Village Square III

Condominium Ass'n, 2022 IL App (2d) 210098, ¶ 51. A court may not depart from the plain

language of the statute and read into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that are not consistent

with the express legislative intent. State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. As noted earlier,

we review issues of statutory construction de novo. Carstens, 2018 IL App (2d) 170183, ¶ 28.

¶ 77 Applying the foregoing standards, we agree with petitioner that the trial court properly

determined his net income under the individualized tax amount approach based on the tax law in

effect at the time the calculation was made. As relevant here, the Act defines "net income" as

"gross income minus *** the individualized tax amount." 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(B) (West 2018).

A party's "individualized tax amount" consists of, inter alia, the aggregate of federal and state

income taxes based on "properly calculated withholding or estimated payments." (Emphasis

added.) 750 ILCS 505/5(a)(3)(D) (West 2018). As this court has previously stated, "[p]roperly

calculated withholding is, by definition, withholding that coincides with the actual tax owed on

one's gross income." In re Marriage of Ackerly, 333 Ill. App. 3d 382, 391 (2002); see also In re

Marriage of Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, ¶ 39 ("A properly calculated withholding is the

amount of properly calculated taxes owed from a person's gross income"). But, contrary to

respondent's position, the average amount of taxes the parties' paid on their gross income between

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2014 and 2016, will not necessarily reflect the actual taxes owed on the same amount of income

earned in 2019 given changes to the federal tax code by the TCJA. As one commentator has noted,

the TCJA "is the most significant change to the Code since the Tax Reform Act of 1986." Shroff,

Arpita A., The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—Individual Tax Reform, Journal of Taxation, 129 JTAX

30, 30 (August 2018). Among other things, the TCJA revised the tax brackets, suspended personal

exemptions, eliminated the deductibility of maintenance payments, and limited certain itemized

deductions. Shroff, Arpita A., The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—Individual Tax Reform, Journal of

Taxation, 129 JTAX 30, 30-34 (August 2018).

¶ 78 Moreover, use of the current tax law is consistent with the standardized tax amount

approach. See Leib, 2022 IL 126645, ¶ 28 (noting that a court construes a statute as a whole in

light of all relevant provisions); Village of Downers Grove, 2022 IL App (2d) 210098, ¶ 51 (same).

As noted, the "standardized tax amount" means "the total of federal and state income taxes for a

single person claiming the standard tax deduction, one personal exemption, and the applicable

number of dependency exemptions for the minor child or children of the parties, and Social

Security and Medicare tax calculated at the Federal Insurance Contributions Act rate." 750 ILCS

5/505(3)(C) (West 2018). The standardized tax amount method uses a schedule published by the

Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services showing the net income that corresponds

to a given amount of gross income. 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1), (a)(3)(C)(II) (West 2018). With respect

to federal withholding, the schedule uses the federal income withholding formula published by the

Internal Revenue Service. Technical Documentation: Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and

Standardized Net Income Table, June 12, 2017, at 21. Moreover, the schedule is frequently

updated. See, e.g., 2019 Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and Standardized

Net Income Table, March 11, 2019, at 1-2; 2018 Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic

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Obligations and Standardized Net Income Table, March 1, 2018. In 2018, for instance, the

schedule was updated "for federal tax reform, aka the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ***, that became

effective January 1, 2018." 2018 Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and

Standardized Net Income Table, March 1, 2018, at 1-2. Similarly, in 2019, the schedule was

updated "for federal and state income taxes and FICA that became effective January 1, 2019."

2019 Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and Standardized Net Income Table,

March 11, 2019, at 1-2. The 2019 addendum specifies that "The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act *** that

was passed December 2017 and became effective January 1, 2018 significantly changed taxes from

2017 to 2018." 2019 Addendum to the Illinois Schedule of Basic Obligations and Standardized

Net Income Table, March 11, 2019, at 2. Accordingly, the position advanced by respondent, i.e.,

calculating petitioner's net income by using the average of taxes the parties paid on their gross

income between 2014 and 2016, is contrary to the plain language of the statute as it will not result

in an accurate or correct "individualized tax amount" calculation.

¶ 79 We are also unpersuaded by respondent's claim that, instead of correctly construing section

505(a)(3)(E)(III) in accordance with its plain language, the trial court disregarded the record and

erred by calculating petitioner's taxes as well as his net income at the time of trial using the Family

Law Software. At the conclusion of the trial, both parties submitted written closing arguments to

the court. Further, both parties attached to their closing trial briefs "Illinois Child Support

Guideline" worksheets prepared with the Family Law Software. Although the figures used on the

worksheets originally submitted did not reflect the ultimate support awarded, the parties calculated

petitioner's taxes and resulting net income using the Family Law Software. And, as respondent's

counsel acknowledged at the August 2019 hearing, the Family Law Software uses "the current

taxes" and calculates "the proper 2019 taxes." Thus, the record contains evidence to support the

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trial court's decision to determine petitioner's net income based on the tax law in effect at the time

the calculation was made.

¶ 80 Given the foregoing, the trial court properly determined petitioner's net income for

purposes of establishing his support obligations by using the tax laws in effect at the time the

calculation was made.

¶ 81 c. Deviation from Support Guidelines

¶ 82 Next, respondent argues that the trial court erred by failing to find that an application of

the statutory maintenance and child-support guidelines was inappropriate under the facts of this

case and by failing to deviate above those guidelines.

¶ 83 Prior to addressing this argument, we note that petitioner argues that respondent forfeited

this argument because (1) she failed to cite any legal support for her claim and (2) her " ‘argument'

is not supported by any actual argument." To be sure, the failure to elaborate on an argument, cite

persuasive authority, or present a well-reasoned theory violates Illinois Supreme Court Rule

341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) and may result in a party forfeiting consideration of the issue. Ill. S.

Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (requiring the appellant's brief to contain "the contentions of

the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record

relied on" and providing that "[p]oints not argued are forfeited"); Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d

352, 369 (2010) ("Both argument and citation to relevant authority are required. An issue that is

merely listed or included in a vague allegation of error is not ‘argued' and will not satisfy the

requirements of the rule"); Kic v. Bianucci, 2011 IL App (1st) 100622, ¶ 23 ("A failure to cite

relevant authority violates Rule 341 and can cause a party to forfeit consideration of the issue");

Sakellariadis v. Campbell, 391 Ill. App. 3d 795, 804 (2009) ("The failure to assert a well-reasoned

argument supported by legal authority is a violation of Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) [citation],

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resulting in waiver"); People v. Patel, 366 Ill. App. 3d 255, 274 (2006) (holding that points not

supported by adequate argument are forfeited). Although respondent does not cite any case law in

her opening brief, she does present argument and cites to various provisions of the Act relating to

the deviation from the maintenance and child-support guidelines. The argument presented is

adequate to frame the issue raised and the statutory citations provide at least some amount of

support necessary for this court to review her challenge to the trial court's ruling on the issue

presented. Accordingly, we decline to consider respondent's arguments forfeited and proceed to

the merits thereof.

¶ 84 (1). Maintenance

¶ 85 As noted above, the maintenance statute provides that a trial court "may grant a

maintenance award for either spouse in amounts and for periods of time as the court deems just."

750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2018). Section 504(a) lists several factors that the court must consider,

where relevant, when determining whether to award maintenance. 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(1)-(14)

(West 2018). Those factors include: (1) the income and property of each party, including marital

property apportioned to each party; (2) the needs of each party; (3) the realistic present and future

earning capacity of each party; (4) any impairment to earning capacity of the party seeking

maintenance because he or she devoted time to domestic duties or forewent opportunities for

education or training because of the marriage; (5) any impairment to earning capacity of the party

against whom maintenance is sought; (6) the time necessary for the party seeking maintenance to

acquire appropriate education, training, or employment; (7) the standard of living established

during the marriage; (8) the duration of the marriage; (9) the age, health, station, occupation,

amount and sources of income, vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and needs of

each of the parties; (10) all sources of income; (11) the tax consequences of each party; and (12)

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contribution and services by the party seeking maintenance to the education, training, or career of

the other party. 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(1)-(13) (West 2018). The court may also consider any other

factors it deems "just and equitable." 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(14) (West 2018).

¶ 86 If the trial court determines that maintenance is appropriate, it must determine the amount

and duration of the award. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1) (West 2018); Hamilton, 2019 IL App (5th)

170295, ¶ 108. As noted, if the parties' combined gross annual income is less than $500,000,

maintenance is generally calculated using a guideline formula set forth in the Act. 750 ILCS

5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018). Under this formula, the amount of maintenance is calculated by

taking 33-1/3% of the payor's net annual income and subtracting 25% of the payee's net annual

income. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018). The duration of maintenance is based on the

length of the marriage multiplied by a statutory factor. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(B) (West 2018).

A trial court may deviate from statutory maintenance guidelines based on a consideration of the

same factors used to determine whether a maintenance obligation is appropriate in the first place.

750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1), (2), (b-2)(2) (West 2018). If a court deviates from the maintenance

guidelines, however, it must make findings as to the amount of maintenance (if determinable) or

duration that would have been required under the guidelines and the reasoning for any variance

from the guidelines. 750 ILCS5/504(b-2)(2) (West 2018).

¶ 87 Respondent contends that the trial court erred by failing to find that application of the

maintenance guidelines was inappropriate given the facts of this case. Respondent claims that

application of the guidelines was inappropriate because it was difficult to determine petitioner's

true income as petitioner was a self-employed business owner and the trial court "expressly found

[that he] manipulated and misrepresented his income." She also argues that application of the

guidelines led to a maintenance award that was far below her lifestyle needs based on the standard

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of living enjoyed during the marriage. Additionally, respondent argues that given the factors for

awards of maintenance set forth in section 504(a) (750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2018)), including her

limited earning capacity, her prolonged absence from the workforce due to her devoting time to

domestic duties, and her age, the court should have found that an award of non-guideline

maintenance was appropriate and awarded her maintenance in excess of the statutory guidelines.

¶ 88 In finding that guideline maintenance was appropriate, the trial court considered in detail

the factors set forth in section 504(a). The trial court found that petitioner misrepresented his

income in 2017 and 2018. For this reason, the court calculated petitioner's gross income by

averaging the total income set forth on the parties' 2014, 2015, and 2016 joint income tax return.

The court also considered petitioner's educational background and determined that his earning

capacity is greater than that of respondent. The court noted that the parties presented very little

testimony about their lifestyle prior to the breakdown of the marriage. The court observed,

however, that the parties were unable to secure a loan for the Onwentsia Property without having

respondent's father co-sign, they are facing a loss on the sale of the Onwentsia and Littlefield

Properties, their lifestyles during the marriage were supplemented with now-depleted savings,

investments, and inheritances, and they have very few assets left. Based on this record, the court

concluded that if the parties' lifestyle prior to the breakdown of the marriage exceeded guideline

maintenance, the parties were living above their income. See Sandberg v. Sandberg, 11 Ill. App.

3d 495, 501 (1973) (noting that where the parties have lived during the marriage in such a way as

to consume all of their income, or to have lived beyond their means, the payee spouse should not

necessarily be furnished with funds after divorce to maintain the scale of living to which he or she

was accustomed before the breakdown of the marriage).

¶ 89 Additionally, the trial court considered other factors set forth in section 504(a). The court

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noted that the parties were married for more than 22 years, that respondent was 48 years old, and

that respondent lacked a college degree. The court noted that respondent's primary occupation

during the marriage was as a homemaker and the principal caretaker of the children. The court

found that respondent may have a difficult time finding employment given her age, lack of an

undergraduate degree, and the time she spent out of the workforce raising her children.

Nevertheless, given that respondent attended three years of college, had marketing experience

working for petitioner at ConopCo, and had run a profitable business, the court found that she had

marketable skills and could find work if she desired to work. As the foregoing suggests, the trial

court addressed all of the points respondent raises on appeal. Nothing in respondent's argument

persuades us that the trial court's decision to award guideline maintenance was arbitrary or fanciful

or that no reasonable person would agree with the court's position. Accordingly, we conclude that

the trial court's award of guideline maintenance did not constitute an abuse of discretion.

¶ 90 (2). Child Support

¶ 91 Pursuant to section 505(a)(1) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1) (West 2018)), the Illinois

Department of Healthcare and Family Services established a schedule of basic support obligations.

Section 505(a)(1.5) (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1.5) (West 2018)) provides that the court "shall" compute

the basic child-support obligation by (1) determining each parent's monthly net income, (2) adding

the parents' net monthly incomes together to determine their combined net monthly income, (3)

selecting the corresponding appropriate amount from the schedule of basic child-support

obligations based on the parties' combined net monthly income and their number of children, and

(4) calculating each parent's percentage share of the basic support obligation.

¶ 92 The court must apply the guidelines unless the court makes a finding that application of

the guidelines would be inappropriate, after considering the best interests of the child and evidence

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which shows relevant factors, including, but not limited to, one or more of the following: (1) the

financial resources and needs of the child; (2) the financial needs and resources of the parents; (3)

the standard of living that the child would have enjoyed had the marriage not been dissolved; and

(4) the physical and emotional condition of the child and his or her educational needs. 750 ILCS

5/505(a)(2) (West 2018). There is a rebuttable presumption that the amount of the child-support

obligation that results from application of the guidelines is the correct amount of child support.

750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3.3) (West 2018). The proponent of a deviation from the guidelines has the

burden of producing evidence that compelling reasons exist to justify the deviation. People ex rel.

Department of Healthcare & Family Services v. Chakona, 2020 IL App (2d) 190918, ¶ 17; In re

Marriage of Hill, 2015 IL App (2d) 140345, ¶ 29. Any deviation from the guidelines shall be

accompanied by the court's written findings specifying the reasons for the deviation and the

presumed amount without a deviation. 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3.4) (West 2018). Those reasons may

include: (1) extraordinary medical expenditures necessary to preserve the life or health of a child

of either or both of the parties; (2) additional expenses incurred for a child subject to the child-

support order who has special medical, physical, or developmental needs; and (3) any other factor

the court determines should be applied upon a finding that the application of the child-support

guidelines would be inappropriate, after considering the best interests of the child. 750 ILCS

5/505(a)(3.4) (West 2018). A decision to deviate from guideline child support is reviewed for an

abuse of discretion. People ex rel. Department of Healthcare & Family Services, 2020 IL App (2d)

190918, ¶ 19.

¶ 93 Respondent argues that the trial court erred in failing to find that she rebutted the

presumption that the amount of petitioner's child-support obligation that would result from an

application of the child-support guidelines was correct and that their application here would result

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in an unjust support award. Respondent further argues that the court erred in failing to find that

application of the guidelines would be inappropriate, after considering the best interests of the

children and the evidence of their lifestyle needs, petitioner's financial resources and ability to pay

them, and the historical lifestyle that the children enjoyed during the marriage, including "living

in a luxurious $2 million home in Lake Forest, a summer home in Union Pier, Michigan, [and]

taking private tennis lessons."

¶ 94 Again, nothing in respondent's argument persuades us that the trial court's decision to

award guideline child support was arbitrary or fanciful, or that no reasonable person would agree

with the court's position, which is the standard we must apply in assessing the trial court's decision.

Respondent provided no "compelling" evidence for a deviation from guideline child support.

Respondent does not claim that the children have extraordinary medical expenditures or special

medical, physical, or developmental needs. Instead, she essentially relies on a claim that the parties

had two homes and the children attended private tennis lessons. However, as noted above, the trial

court found that the parties presented very little testimony about their lifestyle prior to the

breakdown of the marriage. Further, the court found that the evidence that was presented showed

that the parties were living above their income. Given this record and findings, the trial court could

have reasonably concluded that the parties would not have been able to sustain the lifestyle they

had been living and, in turn, that the homes they had and private tennis lessons would not have

been representative of the standard of living that the children would have enjoyed had the marriage

not been dissolved. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court's award of guideline child support

did not constitute an abuse of discretion.

¶ 95 2. Petitioner's Arguments

¶ 96 Petitioner argues that the trial court erred in calculating his income for purposes of

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maintenance and child support. Petitioner's contentions in this regard are twofold. First, he asserts

that the trial court erred by ignoring evidence of his 2017 and 2018 income. Second, petitioner

maintains that the trial court made mathematical errors in computing his annual income and that

the court compounded the mathematical errors by including income that either belonged to

respondent or that he no longer receives.

¶ 97 As noted above, as a prerequisite to determining the amount of guideline maintenance, the

trial court must determine the parties' gross and net annual incomes. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A),

(b-3), (b-3.5) (West 2018); 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(A), (B) (West 2018). Credibility and

forthrightness of the obligor in disclosing his or her income is a factor for the court to consider

when determining a party's income for support purposes. In re Marriage of Gabriel, 2020 IL App

(1st) 182710, ¶ 42; In re Marriage of Karonis, 296 Ill. App. 3d 86, 92 (1998); In re Parentage of

Janssen, 292 Ill. App. 3d 219, 224 (1997). If net income is difficult to ascertain or uncertain, a

court may consider past earnings. Gabriel, 2020 IL App (1st) 182710, ¶ 40; Karonis, 296 Ill. App.

3d 86, 92 (1998); In re Marriage of Morse, 240 Ill. App. 3d 296, 309 (1993). Moreover, where the

payor spouse's income fluctuates from year to year, the trial court may average the income over

several years to determine a support obligation. See In re Marriage of Garrett, 336 Ill. App. 3d

1018, 1024-25 (2003); In re Marriage of Freesen, 275 Ill. App. 3d 97, 103 (1995). As noted, the

trial court's factual findings regarding support, such as the determination of a party's income, will

be set aside only if those findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Brill, 2017 IL

App (2d) 160604, ¶ 30; Moorthy, 2015 IL App (1st) 132077, ¶ 41; In re Marriage of Wojcik, 362

Ill. App. 3d 144, 153 (2005). However, the decision to award maintenance is reviewed for an abuse

of discretion. Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d at 173; Moorthy, 2015 IL App (1st) 132077, ¶ 41.

¶ 98 a. Evidence of 2017 and 2018 Income

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¶ 99 Petitioner first argues that the trial court erred in calculating his annual gross income by

averaging the total income set forth on the parties' joint 2014, 2015, and 2016 federal income tax

returns. According to petitioner, the trial court's methodology ignored evidence of a reduction in

his income in 2017 and 2018, the two years closest to the date of the amended judgment of

dissolution of marriage, and resulted in an income determination based on information that was

"stale" and "out of date."

¶ 100 The trial court calculated petitioner's annual gross income by averaging the total income

set forth on the parties' joint 2014, 2015, and 2016 federal income tax returns after concluding that

petitioner's current income was difficult to ascertain due to petitioner's lack of credibility

regarding the amount of his annual salary after 2016. Specifically, the court found that the parties'

2017 and 2018 tax returns offered into evidence were "unreliable." In this regard, the court found

that the 2018 return was prepared for trial on a preliminary basis with incomplete data.

Additionally, the court found "credible evidence" that petitioner had manipulated ConopCo's

books to make it appear that the business was in a "downward spiral." The court explained that

although ConopCo's gross receipts remained steady between 2012 and 2018, petitioner knowingly

inflated his business expenses in order to artificially decrease his salary in 2017 and 2018. As noted

in relation to its credibility finding, the trial court cited numerous actions taken by petitioner in

2017 and 2018 that the court determined were inconsistent with petitioner's representation that

ConopCo was operating in a "downward spiral."

¶ 101 As noted previously, we defer to the trial court on credibility issues because the trial court,

by virtue of its ability to actually observe the conduct and demeanor of a witness, is in the best

position to assess his or her credibility. Cotton, 103 Ill. 2d at 356; Manker, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 477.

Given the evidence set forth above, the deferential standard of review we apply, and our prior

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finding regarding petitioner's credibility, we simply cannot say that the trial court's factual

determination that the parties' 2017 and 2018 tax returns were "unreliable" was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. In turn, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in employing

an income-averaging approach to determine petitioner's annual gross income. Although petitioner

characterizes the figures reflected on the 2014 through 2016 tax returns as "stale" and "out of

date," those tax returns were from the three years immediately preceding February 17, 2017, the

date petitioner filed his petition for dissolution. As such, absent the 2017 and 2018 returns, they

were the most recent reliable numbers with which the trial court had to work.

¶ 102 Petitioner takes issue with a number of the trial court's factual findings regarding his and

ConopCo's financial circumstances at the time of the trial. For instance, petitioner asserts that the

trial court mischaracterized evidence that he hosted an "expensive" holiday party. According to

petitioner, the gathering was a "modest" affair and the total cost was only "a couple hundred

bucks." At trial, petitioner testified that in 2018, he hosted a spa day with breakfast at the East

Bank Club in Chicago followed by lunch at a restaurant on the Gold Cost for himself and five

employees. When respondent's attorney questioned petitioner about the cost, he initially stated

that he did not remember. He then stated the party cost "a couple hundred bucks." Upon further

questioning, respondent's attorney asked if the party cost $4000, petitioner responded that he did

not know. Given the description of the party, the number of attendees, and petitioner's equivocal

testimony, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that petitioner's claim that the party

cost "a couple hundred bucks" was not credible. As such, we cannot say that the trial court's

findings that the holiday party was expensive and that it was inconsistent with petitioner's claim

that ConopCo was in a downward spiral were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 103 Petitioner also takes issue with the trial court's findings regarding his employees'

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compensation. While petitioner does not dispute that he continued to pay his employees significant

annual bonuses and salaries or that he increased the wages he paid to his employees by more than

$117,000 from 2016 to 2017, he argues that "a business has to pay its employees if it is to stay

afloat." He also contends that, in criticizing him for continuing to pay Beecroft a full salary even

though she was not working full time due to her illness, the trial court "conflated [his] conduct as

a good, supportive employer with an unfounded implication that he was somehow benefitting from

taking care of an employee." Again, we cannot conclude that the trial court's findings on these

matters are against the manifest weight of the evidence. The trial court could reasonably find that

petitioner's actions were inconsistent with his claim that ConopCo was in dire financial straits.

¶ 104 For all these reasons, we conclude that the trial court's factual findings regarding

petitioner's income were not against the manifest weight of the evidence and that the court did not

abuse its discretion in employing an income-averaging approach to determine petitioner's annual

gross income for support purposes.

¶ 105 b. Mathematical Errors

¶ 106 Petitioner argues that even if his average gross income between 2014 and 2016 is used as

the basis for establishing his support obligations, we should reverse and remand the trial court's

ruling because the trial court made several mathematical errors in computing his annual income

and the court compounded the mathematical errors by including income that either belonged to

respondent or that he no longer receives.

¶ 107 Respondent does not dispute that the trial court made mathematical errors in computing

petitioner's average gross income from 2014 through 2016. She argues, however, that the errors

are minimal and provide no basis to reverse the maintenance award. She also contends that

petitioner failed to cite any authority in support of his argument regarding the trial court's

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mathematical errors, so this argument should be deemed forfeited.

¶ 108 Initially, we reject respondent's forfeiture argument. In the section of his brief discussing

the trial court's errors in calculating his income, petitioner cited Wojcik, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 153,

for the proposition that the appellate court may set aside the trial court's findings regarding the

parties' incomes if those findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Moreover,

petitioner asserted that the court's mathematical errors were one of the bases to show that the trial

court's findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence. Although petitioner's citation

to authority was not extensive, we find that petitioner adequately set forth his contention of error

"and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on."

Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). We therefore turn to the merits.

¶ 109 We agree that the trial court made mathematical errors in calculating petitioner's average

gross income from 2014 through 2016. In the amended judgment of dissolution, the trial court

calculated petitioner's average gross income for the period from 2014 through 2016 as $362,981.

The trial court purportedly made this determination based on the parties' joint federal income tax

returns for 2014 through 2016. However, as petitioner points out, the actual numbers from the

parties' tax returns show that their "total income" was $353,932 for 2014, $337,635 for 2015, and

$376,245 for 2016. 2 Further, in 2016, the parties' reported tax-exempt interest of $2015 that is not

 2
 Part of the reason for the discrepancy is the fact that the trial court relied on a "schedule"

 of the parties' income tax returns prepared by respondent's counsel. That schedule is fraught with

 mathematical errors. Additionally, the schedule calculated total income to include both ordinary

 dividends and qualified dividends. That was improper as "qualified dividends" are a subset of

 "ordinary dividends." West's Tax Law Dictionary, § Q151 ("Qualified dividends are included in

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included in the total income for that year. Dividing by three the sum of the parties' total income

for these three years and the tax-exempt interest yields an average gross income of $356,609. 3 See

750 ILCS 5/505(a)(3)(A) (West 2018) (defining "gross income" for support purposes as "the total

of all income from all sources"); 750 ILCS 5/504(b-3) (West 2018) (same); In re Marriage of

Rogers, 213 Ill. 2d 129, 137 (2004) (noting that because the Internal Revenue Code was designed

to achieve different purposes than the support provisions of the Act, "income" for purposes of a

support obligation includes a variety of payments that would not be taxable as income under the

Internal Revenue Code). Therefore, based solely on the parties' total income as reported on their

tax returns, the trial court's finding is more than $6000 higher than the correct average gross

income for the three-year period.

¶ 110 Petitioner further argues that the trial court erred in including in its calculation of his gross

income for 2014 through 2016 (1) respondent's income from her business, Never Before Baskets,

and (2) income from sources that petitioner no longer receives. In this regard, petitioner notes that

the parties' tax returns reflect that the parties' received $2655 in income from Never Before

Baskets in 2014, $2415 in income from Never Before Baskets in 2015, and $3126 in income from

Never Before Baskets in 2016. Petitioner further notes that in 2015 and 2016, the parties reported

income from various bank accounts, investments, and other assets which were divided by the trial

court in the amended judgment of dissolution, with respondent receiving 60% of the value of the

assets and petitioner receiving 40% of the assets.

 ordinary dividends"); see also irs.gov/instructions/i1099div (last visited on July 14, 2022) (stating

 that "qualified dividends" are a "portion" of "total ordinary dividends").
 3
 $353,932 + $337,635 + $376,245 + $2015=$1,069,827 and $1,069,827/3=$356,609.

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¶ 111 We agree that the trial court erred in including in its calculation of petitioner's gross income

for 2014 through 2016 respondent's business income. Under the Act, a guideline maintenance

award is calculated by taking 33-1/3% of the payor's net income and subtracting 25% of the

payee's net annual income. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1)(1)(A) (West 2018). A parent's share of the

guideline child-support award is calculated by determining the parents' combined monthly net

income and calculating each parent's share of the basic child-support obligation based on the

parent's percentage share of the combined monthly net income. 750 ILCS 5/505(a)(1.5) (West

2018); In re Marriage of Salvatore, 2019 IL App (2d) 180425, ¶ 18. Thus, to the extent that the

trial court calculated petitioner's average gross income by including respondent's business income,

this was improper. 4 Indeed, other than argue that the amounts she earned from Never Before

Baskets were minimal, respondent does dispute that it was improper for the trial court to include

income from her business in petitioner's average gross income.

¶ 112 We also agree that, in calculating petitioner's gross income for support, the trial court

erroneously included income from assets that were awarded to respondent. As petitioner notes, in

2015 and 2016, the parties reported income from various bank accounts, investments, and other

assets. These assets were ultimately divided by the trial court in the amended judgment of

dissolution, with respondent receiving 60% of the value of the assets and petitioner receiving 40%

 4
 Parenthetically, we note that in calculating petitioner's average gross income from 2014

through 2016, the trial court assigned to petitioner the wages ConopCo paid to respondent during

this time period. In support of this finding, the court reasoned that petitioner never told respondent

that she was an "employee" of ConopCo and he did not provide her with a paycheck and access to

her "wages." Petitioner does not challenge this finding on appeal.

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of the assets. Thus, certain assets awarded to respondent in an equitable distribution of marital

property were also considered as a source of income to petitioner for purposes of imposing support

obligations. This resulted in "double dipping" and was improper. See In re Marriage of O'Malley,

2021 IL App (2d) 190917-U, ¶ 66; see also In re Marriage of Eberhardt, 387 Ill. App. 3d 226, 232

(2008) (discussing the concept of "double dipping").

¶ 113 As noted, respondent argues that the errors are minimal and do not provide a basis to

reverse the support obligations. In support of this claim, respondent cites In re Marriage of

Lindsey-Robinson, 331 Ill. App. 3d 261 (2002). At issue in that case was the division of the marital

portion of the husband's pension plan. The parties stipulated that the value of the plan as $92,318.

The trial court ordered that the stipulated marital portion of the pension plan be divided equally

between the parties. Thus, each party should have received $46,159 of the stipulated marital

portion of the pension plan ($92,318 divided by 2). However, the qualified domestic relations order

directed the pension plan to pay the wife $46,151, or $8 less than the trial court's order. The trial

court found this difference to be de minimis and therefore a remand to correct it unnecessary.

Lindsey-Robinson, 331 Ill. App. 3d 261, 267 (2002).

¶ 114 We find respondent's reliance on Lindsey-Robinson unpersuasive. The error involved in

that case was a one-time error amounting to 0.017% of the correct value of each party's portion of

the pension plan ($8 divided by $46,159). Even by respondent's calculations, the errors identified

by petitioner were much greater, ranging from 0.3% to 1.8% individually. Moreover, given the

quantity of errors involved as well as the duration of the support obligations imposed in this case,

we are unable to conclude that the errors were de minimis. Accordingly, we remand the matter to

the trial court to recalculate petitioner's average gross income for 2014 through 2016 and to

recalculate his support obligations based on the corrected number. On remand, the court shall

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calculate petitioner's average gross income for the three-year period from 2014 through 2016

based on the parties' federal income tax returns for that period, but excluding respondent's income

from her business and any income included in those returns that petitioner no longer receives as a

result of the division of marital assets.

¶ 115 D. Amount of Income Imputed to Respondent

¶ 116 Next, petitioner argues that the trial court did not impute the proper amount of income to

respondent for purposes of calculating maintenance and child support. According to petitioner, the

"uncontroverted evidence" presented at trial showed that respondent's earning ability is much

greater than the $40,000 per year imputed by the trial court. As such, petitioner urges this court to

remand the issue to the trial court with instructions to impute a reasonable amount of income to

respondent and to recalculate his maintenance and child-support obligations incorporating

respondent's corrected imputed income amount.

¶ 117 In setting a support obligation, the trial court has the authority to impute income to either

the payor or payee spouse if one or both of the parties does not make a good-faith effort to earn a

sufficient income. In re Marriage of Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 45; see also In re

Marriage of Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, ¶¶ 23-46 (payee spouse); Blume, 2016 IL App (3d)

140276, ¶¶ 27-31 (payor spouse); In re Marriage of S.D., 2012 IL App (1st) 101876, ¶¶ 35-37

(payee spouse). The amount of income to impute is based on the party's earning capacity and must

be supported by evidence showing that it is commensurate with the party's skills and experience,

not mere speculation. Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 46. Among the factors a court should

examine in determining the amount of income to impute are: (1) the work and earnings history of

the spouse; (2) the spouse's educational background; (3) the spouse's occupational qualifications;

and (4) prevailing job opportunities in the geographic area. Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 45.

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We review a trial court's decision to impute income for an abuse of discretion. Ruvola, 2017 IL

App (2d) 160737, ¶ 39; In re Marriage of Gosney, 394 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1077 (2009). A trial

court abuses its discretion only where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the

court. Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, ¶ 39. However, we review a challenge to the trial court's

factual findings relative to the imputation of income under the manifest weight of the evidence

standard. See Brill, 2017 IL App (2d) 160604, ¶ 30; Wojcik, 362 Ill. App. 3d 144, 153 (2005).

Findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is

clearly evident or when the court's findings are unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the

evidence. Romano, 2012 IL App (2d) 091339, ¶ 44.

¶ 118 Applying the foregoing standards to the facts before us, we conclude that the trial court did

not err in imputing income of $40,000 per year to respondent for purposes of calculating

petitioner's support obligations. In the amended judgment of dissolution of marriage, the trial

court, noting that respondent attended college, had marketing experience working for ConopCo,

and had a proven ability to run a business, concluded that respondent possessed marketable skills

and could find work if she desired to do so. The court went on to find that neither party presented

any credible evidence regarding the amount respondent could reasonably earn in the job market.

In this regard, the court noted that despite a court order requiring her to conduct a job search and

document her progress, respondent had not been diligent in seeking employment as she applied

for positions for which she was unlikely to be hired. The court acknowledged petitioner's

testimony that he believed respondent could earn between $75,000 and $150,000 based on what

he would pay someone in the marketing field. The court attributed little weight to petitioner's

testimony, however, on the bases that petitioner is not a vocational expert, his opinion was "highly

subjective," and neither party testified as to the specific hours respondent spent working for

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ConopCo. Accordingly, the court examined evidence relative to respondent's work and earnings

history, educational background, and occupational qualifications. The court observed that although

respondent attended college, she lacked an undergraduate degree. The court also observed that

respondent's job search may be made more difficult in light of her age, the time she spent out of

the workforce to raise the parties' daughters, and the fact that her most recent "employer" was her

husband in the family business. Nevertheless, given the fact that respondent did attend three years

of college, possessed marketing experience through her work at ConopCo, and had a proven ability

to earn between $35,000 and $45,000 running her own business, the court imputed an income to

respondent in the amount of $40,000 per year. Based on our review of this record, we cannot say

that the trial court's factual findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence or that its

ultimate decision to impute $40,000 per year to respondent constituted an abuse of discretion.

¶ 119 Petitioner disputes the trial court's finding on several grounds. First, petitioner argues that

the trial court erred in rejecting his testimony that respondent could earn between $75,000 and

$150,000 per year working full time. According to petitioner, his "uncontroverted testimony" was

the only evidence the trial court heard regarding respondent's earning ability at the time of

dissolution. As noted above, however, the trial court found that neither party presented credible

testimony as to the amount respondent could reasonably earn in the current job market. In rejecting

petitioner's testimony regarding respondent's earning ability, the court cited the fact that petitioner

is not a vocational expert, his opinion was "highly subjective," and neither party testified as to the

specific hours respondent spent working for ConopCo. As noted previously, questions of witness

credibility as well as the weight to assign to a witness's testimony are inherently matters for the

trier of fact to resolve and will not be disturbed unless the findings are against the manifest weight

of the evidence. Sturm, 2012 IL App (4th) 110559, ¶ 6; Manker, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 477. Given the

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deference we afford the trial court on such matters and in light of the court's cogent rationale, we

cannot say that the trial court's decision to reject petitioner's testimony regarding respondent's

earning capacity was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 120 Second, petitioner asserts that the evidence presented at trial establishes that respondent

could earn at least $55,000 per year. In support of this claim, petitioner notes that in 2015 and

2016, respondent earned an annual salary of $64,800 and $55,000, respectively, while working

part time at ConopCo doing marketing, graphic design, mailings, and client lists. As the trial court

noted, however, ConopCo was her husband's business and neither party testified as to the specific

hours or time respondent worked for ConopCo. Thus, the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that respondent's wage at ConopCo was not a valid gauge of her earning capacity at a

non-family business. Moreover, respondent testified that she was not even aware that petitioner

was compensating her for the work she did at ConopCo. The trial court found respondent's

testimony on this point credible. Petitioner also notes that after respondent stopped working for

ConopCo, the company temporarily hired his sister to help with marketing and other tasks, paying

her $50,000 in compensation. The court then hired Fischer, a woman with very little experience in

marketing, at a salary of $55,000 per year. Again, the trial court could reasonably reject this

evidence as a valid gauge of respondent's earning capacity as there was little evidence regarding

the hours or time Franck or Fischer spent working for ConopCo, their work or earnings history, or

their educational and work backgrounds.

¶ 121 Petitioner also contends that respondent offered no evidence regarding her own current

earning capacity. Petitioner asserts that the only information respondent provided to the trial court

was her testimony that the most she had earned running her business was between $35,000 and

$40,000 in 2004, approximately 15 years prior to her trial testimony. Petitioner argues that it was

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improper for the trial court to base its income calculation "on outdated data that no longer reflect

prospective income." See In re Marriage of Hoveln, 2018 IL App (4th) 180112, ¶ 40. However,

Illinois courts have considered an individual's past income when current income is uncertain. In

re Marriage of Van Ness, 136 Ill. App. 3d 185, 190 (1985). As noted, the trial court specifically

found that neither party presented credible testimony as to the amount respondent could reasonably

earn in the job market today. That finding was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in relying on respondent's testimony as to her past income.

¶ 122 Finally, petitioner claims that an adjustment for inflation of the $40,000 respondent earned

in 2004 would yield close to $55,000 in today's dollars. However, petitioner did not present this

argument to the trial court and he does not explain how he calculated this figure. Therefore, we

reject this argument as forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020).

¶ 123 In short, we conclude that the trial court did not err in imputing income of $40,000 per year

to respondent for purposes of calculating respondent's maintenance and child-support obligations.

¶ 124 E. Allocation of Medical Insurance Cost

¶ 125 Next, petitioner challenges the trial court's ruling with respect to the allocation of medical

insurance costs for the parties' children. The amended judgment of dissolution of marriage

provides that petitioner "shall be solely responsible for the cost of the children's health insurance

premiums without contribution by [respondent]." Petitioner argues that the trial court's ruling is

contrary to the requirements of sections 505(a)(4)(D) and 505(a)(4)(E) of the Act (750 ILCS

5/504(a)(4)(D), (E) (West 2018)), which require the cost of health insurance premiums to "be

allocated between the parents in proportion to their respective net incomes." As such, petitioner

asserts that the provision of the amended judgment of dissolution of marriage that makes him

solely responsible for the cost of the children's health insurance premiums should be reversed and

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the cause remanded to the trial court with instructions to allocate the cost of the health insurance

premiums between the parties as required by the Act.

¶ 126 Respondent answers that the trial court did not err in making petitioner solely responsible

for the cost of the children's health insurance premiums because, pursuant to section 505(a)(4)(A)

of the Act (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(4)(A) (West 2018)), the allocation of the cost of the children's

medical insurance premiums between the parents is discretionary. Alternatively, respondent

contends that the trial court's failure to allocate the cost of the children's medical insurance

premiums between the parties in proportion to their respective net incomes resulted in a de minimis

error and therefore provides no basis to reverse the trial court's decision regarding the cost of the

children's health insurance premiums.

¶ 127 Whether the Act requires the allocation of the cost of the children's health insurance

premiums in proportion to the parents' net incomes is a question of statutory construction. As

noted earlier, the primary objective of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the

intent of the legislature. State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. The most reliable indicator

of legislative intent is the language of the statute itself, given its plain and ordinary meaning. State

Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. The statute must be read in its entirety and construed so as

to give effect to every word, clause, and sentence. Palm v. Holocker, 2018 IL 123152, ¶ 21. If the

statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be applied as written, without resorting to

further aids of statutory construction. State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL 113836, ¶ 56. A court may

not depart from the plain language of the statute and read into it exceptions, limitation, or

conditions that are not consistent with the express legislative intent. State Bank of Cherry, 2013 IL

113836, ¶ 56. Issues of statutory construction are subject to de novo review. Carstens, 2018 IL

App (2d) 170183, ¶ 28.

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¶ 128 The allocation of a child's health insurance premium is governed by section 505(a)(4) of

the Act (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(4) (West 2018)). That provision states in relevant part as follows:

 "(a) In a proceeding for dissolution of marriage ***, the court may order either or

 both parents owing a duty of support to a child of the marriage *** to pay an amount

 reasonable and necessary for support.

 * * *

 (4) Health care.

 (A) A portion of the basic child support obligation is intended to cover basic

 ordinary out-of-pocket medical expenses. The court, in its discretion, in addition to the

 basic child support obligation, shall also provide for the child's current and future medical

 needs by ordering either or both parents to initiate health insurance coverage for the child

 through currently effective health insurance policies held by the parent or parents, purchase

 one or more or all health, dental, or vision insurance policies for the child, or provide for

 the child's current and future medical needs through some other manner.

 * * *

 (D) The amount to be added to the basic child support obligation shall be

 the actual amount of the total health insurance premium that is attributable to the child who

 is the subject of the order. If this amount is not available or cannot be verified, the total

 cost of the health insurance premium shall be divided by the total number of persons

 covered by the policy. The cost per person derived from this calculation shall be multiplied

 by the number of children who are the subject of the order and who are covered under the

 health insurance policy. This amount shall be added to the basic child support obligation

 and shall be allocated between the parents in proportion to their respective net incomes.

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 (E) After the health insurance premium for the child is added to the basic

 child support obligation and allocated between the parents in proportion to their respective

 incomes for child support purposes, if the obligor is paying the premium, the amount

 calculated for the obligee's share of the health insurance premium for the child shall be

 deducted from the obligor's share of the total child support obligation. If the obligee is

 paying for private health insurance for the child, the child support obligation shall be

 increased by the obligor's share of the premium payment. The obligor's and obligee's

 portion of the health insurance costs shall appear in the support order." 750 ILCS

 5/505(a)(4)(A), (D), (E) (West 2018).

¶ 129 Applying the rules of statutory construction to the statutory language at issue, we agree

with petitioner that the trial court erred in failing to allocate the cost of maintaining health

insurance for the parties' children in proportion to the parties' respective net incomes. Section

505(a)(4)(D) states that the cost of the total health insurance premium that is attributable to the

parties' children "shall be added to the basic child support obligation and shall be allocated

between the parents in proportion to their respective net incomes." (Emphasis added.) (750 ILCS

5/504(a)(4)(D) (West 2018)). "Legislative use of the word ‘may' is generally regarded as

indicating a permissive or directory reading, whereas the use of the word ‘shall' is generally

considered to express a mandatory reading." People v. Reed, 177 Ill. 2d 389, 393 (1997); Sunnyside

Elgin Apartments, LLC v. Miller, 2021 IL App (2d) 200614, ¶ 25. Thus, the legislature's use of

the word "shall" in section 505(a)(4)(D) constitutes a clear expression that it intended to impose a

mandatory obligation, i.e., it meant for parents to share the cost of health insurance for their

children. Had the legislature intended the allocation of the cost of maintaining health insurance for

the parties' children to be permissive, it could have used the word "may." It did not. As such, we

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conclude that the trial court erred in failing to allocate the cost of maintaining health insurance for

the parties' children in proportion to their respective net incomes.

¶ 130 Respondent concedes that, when used in a statute, the term " ‘shall' is generally considered

to express a mandatory reading." Nevertheless, respondent maintains that the statute does not

mandate that the cost of health insurance be allocated between the parties in proportion to their

respective net incomes in all instances. Instead, relying on section 505(a)(4)(A) of the Act (750

ILCS 5/504(a)(4)(A) (West 2018)), respondent asserts that the statute only requires that the cost

of health insurance be allocated between the parties in proportion to their respective net incomes

"in the event that the court, in its discretion, orders both parents to share in that expense."

Respondent therefore insists that the trial court "was absolutely authorized to require [petitioner],

who was unquestionably the more financially advantaged spouse, to cover 100% of the costs of

the minor children's insurance in total." We disagree.

¶ 131 Respondent focuses on the wrong part of the statute. Notably, section 505(a)(4)(A), which

forms the basis for respondent's argument that the trial court had discretion to assign 100% of the

children's health insurance premium to petitioner, relates to initiating health insurance coverage

for the children, either utilizing existing policies or obtaining separate coverage. Whether the court

had discretionary authority to order either or both parties to initiate health insurance coverage for

the children was not at issue. The record clearly established that petitioner has health insurance

coverage and he was ordered to continue to maintain health insurance coverage for the children in

the amended judgment of dissolution of marriage. Thus, although section 505(a)(4)(A) addresses

the trial court's discretion, that provision does not address the question of financial responsibility

for the cost of the children's health insurance premium. Thus, respondent's reliance on section

505(a)(4)(A) is misplaced.

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¶ 132 Alternatively, respondent contends that the trial court's decision not to allocate the cost of

the children's health insurance premiums between the parties in this case resulted in a de minimis

error and does not warrant a reversal of the trial court's order. According to respondent, if the trial

court had allocated the children's health insurance premiums between the parties in proportion to

their respective net incomes, she would have been required to pay 14% of the premium (based on

the $40,000 in yearly income imputed to her) and respondent would have been required to pay

86% of the premium (based on the trial court's finding that petitioner's net annual income for

purposes of calculating maintenance and child support is $249,288). 5 In that event, respondent

calculates that her share of the premium would have been $103.71 per month and petitioner's share

of the premium would have been $637.09 per month. 6 Respondent therefore concludes that, even

assuming that petitioner's construction of section 505(a)(4) of the Act was correct, the error was

de minimis because it required him to contribute only $103.71 more towards the children's health

insurance premium than he should have been required to pay. As such, respondent asserts that the

fact that petitioner was required to bear the entire cost of the children's medical insurance

premiums did not constitute an abuse of the trial court's discretions under the circumstances. Even

if this amount might be considered de minimis, in the interests of fairness, we remand to the trial

 5
 According to respondent, the $40,000 of imputed income was her "net income" since (1)

she was unemployed and reported no employment income on her federal and state taxes returns

and (2) she was not required to pay any income taxes.
 6
 Respondent bases this calculation on the cost of the medical insurance premiums being

$370.40 per child (or $740.80 per month for both children) as reflected in petitioner's December

31, 2018, financial affidavit.

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court for reallocation with instructions to allocate the cost of the health insurance premiums

between the parties in proportion to their respective net incomes (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(4)(D), (E)

(West 2018)) since we are remanding the matter for other purposes as well.

¶ 133 F. Contribution to Attorney Fees

¶ 134 Finally, we address a contention raised in both parties' appeals—that the trial court erred

in failing to order contribution to the other party's legal fees and costs.

¶ 135 Generally, each party is responsible for his or her attorney fees. In re Marriage of Mantei,

222 Ill. App. 3d 933, 941 (1991). However, under section 508(a) of the Act, the trial court may

order a party to contribute a reasonable amount for the opposing party's attorney fees. 750 ILCS

5/508(a) (West 2018). In determining whether a contribution award is appropriate, the trial court

must consider the financial resources of the parties. 750 ILCS 5/508(a) (West 2018). This inquiry

is dependent upon a showing by the party seeking the fees of an inability to pay and a

demonstration of the ability of the other spouse to do so. Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d at 174; In re

Marriage of Shen, 2015 IL App (1st) 130733, ¶¶ 102-103; In re Marriage of McGuire, 305 Ill.

App. 3d 474, 479 (1999). Financial inability exists where requiring payment of fees would strip

that party of his or her means of support and undermine his or her financial stability. Schneider,

214 Ill. 2d at 174; In re Marriage of Lonvick, 2013 IL App (2d) 120865, ¶ 60. A contribution award

is based on the criteria for the division of marital property and, where maintenance has been

awarded, the criteria for an award of maintenance. 750 ILCS 5/503(d), 503(j)(2), 504(a), 508(a)

(West 2018). These criteria include the property awarded to each spouse, a party's contribution as

a homemaker, the parties' incomes, the parties' present and future earning capacity, and "any other

factor the court expressly finds to be just and equitable." 750 ILCS 5/503(d), 504(a) (West 2018).

Among the "other factors" that a court may consider when making an award of attorney fees is

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whether a party unnecessarily increased the cost of litigation. In re Marriage of Patel, 2013 IL

App (1st) 112571, ¶ 117; In re Marriage of Bradley, 2011 IL App (4th) 110392, ¶ 32; In re

Marriage of Haken, 394 Ill. App. 3d 155, 161 (2009). Further, in making a contribution award, the

trial court must also consider whether the attorney fees charged are reasonable. 750 ILCS 5/508(a)

(West 2018); In re Marriage of Hasabnis, 322 Ill. App. 3d 582, 596 (2001).

¶ 136 Additionally, section 508(b) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/508(b) (West 2018)) requires the trial

court to order one party to pay the other party's reasonable attorney fees under certain

circumstances. Relevant here, section 508(b) mandates the assessment of costs and attorney fees

when the court finds that a hearing was "precipitated or conducted for any improper purpose,"

including but not limited to, "harassment, unnecessary delay, or other acts needlessly increasing

the cost of litigation." 750 ILCS 5/508(b) (West 2018). An award under section 508(b) does not

depend on a party's inability to pay the fees or the other party's ability to pay. In re Marriage of

Walters, 238 Ill. App. 3d 1086, 1098 (1992). The fee award is, however, subject to a determination

of reasonableness. Walters, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 1098.

¶ 137 We review a trial court's ruling on a party's request for contribution to attorney fees for an

abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Micheli, 2014 IL App (2d) 121245, ¶ 45; In re Marriage of

Michaelson, 359 Ill. App. 3d 706, 715 (2005). Abuse of discretion is "the most deferential standard

of review—next to no review at all." In re Marriage of Vancura, 356 Ill. App. 3d 200, 204 (2005).

Under this standard, we will reverse only if the trial court's decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or

unreasonable, or no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court. In re

Marriage of Andres, 2021 IL App (2d) 191146, ¶ 76.

¶ 138 1. The Trial Court's Ruling

¶ 139 In ruling on the parties' petitions, the trial court initially addressed the reasonableness of

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the fees assessed by the parties' attorneys. The court noted that petitioner had been represented by

Michael Sabath of Berger Schatz for the entirety of the proceedings. The court found that petitioner

incurred $325,890.62 in attorney fees and costs as of the time of the contribution hearing. Of that

amount, $249,949.30 had been paid on petitioner's behalf, leaving a balance due of $75,941.32.

The court found the fees assessed by petitioner's counsel to be reasonable and necessary. The trial

court found that respondent had incurred a combined total of $1,062,265.72 in fees to three

separate law firms as of the time of the contribution hearing. Of that amount, $848,225.16 in

attorney fees and costs of litigation were incurred in connection with services rendered by Grund

of Grund & Leavitt, who represented respondent at trial. The court noted that Grund had

voluntarily written off $398,837.50 in fees and that $205,000 had been paid by petitioner or on her

behalf, leaving a balance due to her current counsel of $244,387.66. The court found these fees to

be reasonable and necessary in light of counsel's voluntary fee reduction.

¶ 140 The court then turned to the issue of contribution, ruling as follows:

 "The Court finds that after considering the evidence presented and the criteria and factors

 of Sections 503(j) and 508(b) of the [Act (750 ILCS 5/503(j), 508(b) (West 2018))], neither

 party is entitled to contribution for their attorneys fees and that both parties shall be

 responsible for their own attorneys fees. Both parties chose a scorched-earth method of

 litigation. Both parties fought (and continue to fight) over every aspect of this litigation, to

 the detriment of the marital estate. Both parties lack cooperation and communication; both

 parties lack insight as to their personal responsibility in aggravating and extending this

 litigation; both parties unnecessarily increased the cost of litigation; and the conduct of

 both parties increased the amount of attorney fees. Through the course of this litigation,

 [respondent] has retained three separate law firms. Her third and final choice is a law firm

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 where the billing partner charges for time at $750 per hour. She chose not to compromise

 at any point in the litigation. At the contribution hearing, her attorney testified that he

 advised [respondent] not to accept the Court's settlement recommendations and the offers

 made in mediation and instead counseled her regarding foreclosure and bankruptcy."

 (Emphasis in original.)

The court then quoted the following passage from Mantei, 222 Ill. App. 3d at 941:

 "A party cannot enter into such a battle and expect to come out unscathed. While we

 recognize the purpose of the statute *** so that concerns about incurring large attorney

 fees will not coerce a litigant into conceding meritorious claims, it is an unreasonable

 expectation to anticipate that the trial court will automatically require the other party to pay

 such attorney fees regardless of one's conduct during the litigation. There are times when

 the failure to compromise is frivolous."

¶ 141 2. Respondent's Argument

¶ 142 Respondent argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her claim for

contribution to her attorney fees and costs from petitioner. Relying on section 503(j) of the Act

(750 ILCS 5/503(j) (West 2018)), and considering the criteria for the division of marital property

under section 503(d) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/503(d) (West 2018)) and for maintenance under

section 504(a) of the Act (750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2018)), respondent contends that the trial

court's ruling constituted an abuse of discretion because it "left her in an extremely precarious

financial situation, if not bankrupt, and completely undermined her financial stability and

security." In support of this position, respondent claims she was awarded "meagre" liquid assets

valued at $180,294.18 in the aggregate and has no sources of income other than the $6123.75 per

month in maintenance that she was awarded. Additionally, noting that she is now 50 years old, has

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a limited work history, and forewent training, employment, and career opportunities to serve as a

full-time homemaker and caregiver to the parties' children, respondent suggests that her present

and future earning capacity are poor. In contrast, respondent maintains that petitioner's financial

circumstances are superior to hers and that he can easily afford to contribute to her attorney fees

and costs. Respondent also asserts that petitioner was "overtly litigious," having filed 59 motions

throughout the trial, the majority of which were either denied or abandoned, and that petitioner

engaged in a " ‘scorched-earth' approach to deplete the marital estate and to financially cripple

her."

¶ 143 Petitioner responds that the trial court correctly declined to award respondent any

contribution to her attorney fees. Petitioner asserts that respondent filed at least 58 motions or

pleadings in the underlying case, thereby engaging in "unnecessary and expensive litigation" and

"draining the value of the marital estate." Petitioner further asserts that while respondent's claim

that she is unable to pay her attorney fees "seems compelling," the record shows that he is also

unable to pay respondent's fees. In this regard, petitioner observes that he was awarded a smaller

percentage of the liquid assets, the real estate he was awarded is underwater, and his income is

insufficient to cover his living expenses. Petitioner therefore submits that, given the facts of the

case, including respondent's conduct during the litigation that both drained the marital estate and

ran up both parties' attorney fees, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to award

respondent contribution to her attorney fees from him.

¶ 144 At the outset, we note that the trial court's decision to deny the parties' requests for

contribution was based on "the criteria and factors of Sections 503(j) and 508(b)." Thus, the court's

ruling was based on multiple, independent grounds. On appeal, respondent does not expressly

reference section 508(b) or the trial court's ruling with respect to that section. She asserts, however,

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that petitioner was "overtly litigious" and that he engaged in a " ‘scorched-earth' approach to

deplete the marital estate and to financially cripple her." We interpret this as a tacit challenge to

the trial court's ruling with respect to section 508(b). Of course, petitioner counters with a

comparable litany of complaints against respondent's own conduct. Ultimately, the trial court

placed essentially equal fault on both sides. In this regard, the trial court found that both parties

"chose a scorched-earth method of litigation." The court found that both parties fought and

continue to fight over every aspect of this litigation. The court found that both parties lacked

cooperation, communication, and insight as to their personal responsibility in "aggravating and

extending this litigation." Quite simply, the record supports these findings by the trial court.

Accordingly, based on our review of the proceedings, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying respondent's contribution request under section 508(b).

¶ 145 Having found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining respondent's

contribution request pursuant to section 508(b), it is not necessary for us to address the court's

ruling under section 503(j). See Water Tower Realty Co. v. Fordham 25 E. Superior, L.L.C., 404

Ill. App. 3d 658, 665 (2010) (noting that an appellate court may affirm a trial court's judgment on

any grounds which the record supports). Regardless, an analysis of the factors referenced in section

503(j), leads us to also conclude that the trial court's ruling that respondent was not entitled to

contribution to her attorney fees from petitioner under that section did not constitute an abuse of

discretion.

¶ 146 As noted, the trial court found that each party was equally litigious, uncooperative, and

quarrelsome throughout the dissolution proceedings, resulting in an unnecessarily expensive

divorce. See Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 112571, ¶ 117; Bradley, 2011 IL App (4th) 110392, ¶ 32;

Haken, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 161 (noting that a court may consider whether a party unnecessarily

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increased the cost of litigation when assessing whether to award attorney fees). Moreover, while

the trial court did not make specific findings with respect to the parties' abilities to pay attorney

fees and costs, the court clearly considered the parties' financial circumstances given the court's

detailed findings regarding the division of marital property, maintenance, and other issues. See In

re Marriage of Powers, 252 Ill. App. 3d 506, 510 (1993) (noting that the trial court is not required

to make findings as to each factor to be considered in awarding fees); Mantei, 222 Ill. App. 3d at

942 ("While the trial judge did not expressly state he considered the parties' financial

circumstances in refusing to award attorney fees to petitioner, clearly the parties' financial

circumstances were considered because the court was ruling on property distribution and

maintenance as well as attorney fees"). Based on these findings, it is clear that while respondent

may have arguably established an inability to pay, she failed to establish petitioner's ability to do

so. While petitioner has a greater income and future earning capacity than respondent, that fact

alone is not decisive. We note that the trial court assigned petitioner the "underwater" Onwentsia

and Littlefield Properties. Thus, petitioner will be required to maintain the properties until they are

sold and, as ordered by the trial court, he will be solely responsible for any deficiencies on the

properties. With a few limited exceptions, the trial court divided the remainder of the marital assets

disproportionately in respondent's favor, with respondent receiving 60% of the assets and

petitioner receiving 40% of the assets. By way of example, pursuant to the calculations in

respondent's brief, petitioner received $115,636.12 in "liquid assets" compared to respondent's

$180,294.18. We also observe that the trial court awarded respondent maintenance and child

support from petitioner. Although the amounts of these awards need to be recalculated upon

remand, they are still likely to amount to several thousands of dollars per month. Further, the court

ordered the parties to pay the remainder of the child-related expenses, including medical costs not

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covered by insurance, on a 60/40 basis, with petitioner paying 60% of said expenses and

respondent paying 40% of said expenses.

¶ 147 Moreover, we note that in his brief, petitioner asserts that given his financial obligations,

he will have a negative monthly cash flow. Respondent argues that petitioner's claim that he lacks

sufficient assets and income to contribute to her attorney fees should be rejected because of his

lack of credibility. Interestingly, however, respondent does not argue that petitioner's math is

incorrect. At least one court has held that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a

request for contribution to attorney fees where the opposing party's monthly cash flow is negative.

See Shen, 2015 IL App (1st) 130733, ¶ 105 (finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying the wife's request for contribution to her attorney fees where the husband's monthly

cash flow was negative).

¶ 148 In short, the trial court's decision was appropriate under section 508(b) because each party

was equally litigious, uncooperative, and quarrelsome throughout the dissolution proceedings,

resulting in an unnecessarily expensive divorce. Further, the trial court's decision was appropriate

under sections 508(a) and 503(j) because respondent failed to establish that petitioner had the

ability to pay her fees. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying respondent's request for contribution to her attorney fees from petitioner.

¶ 149 3. Petitioner's Argument

¶ 150 Petitioner also contends that the trial court erred in refusing to award him contribution to

his legal fees from respondent. Petitioner complains that the divorce proceeding has broken him

financially. He further argues that respondent is in a better position to pay his fees "[a]fter

successfully wresting the majority of what was left of the marital estate away from [him]." We

reject this argument for the same reasons we rejected respondent's request for contribution to her

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attorney fees from petitioner. Quite simply, each party was equally litigious, uncooperative, and

quarrelsome throughout the dissolution proceedings, resulting in an unnecessarily expensive

divorce. And, neither party has shown the ability of the other party to contribute to the fees.

¶ 151 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 152 For the reasons set forth above, we reverse that portion of the amended judgment of

dissolution that calculated petitioner's gross income for support purposes as $362,981. We remand

the matter to the trial court to recalculate petitioner's average gross income for 2014 through 2016

and to recalculate his net income and support obligations based on the corrected number. We also

reverse that portion of the amended judgment of dissolution making petitioner solely responsible

for the costs of the children's health insurance. We remand the matter to the trial court to allocate

the cost of the health insurance premiums between the parties in proportion to their respective net

incomes (750 ILCS 5/505(a)(4)(D), (E) (West 2018)). The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed

in all other respects.

¶ 153 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.

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